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Why Congress is Anti-Hindu and Why We need pro-Hindu leadership with pro-Hindu ideology at every level of government.
2023.06.04 08:44 Main_Star3808 Why Congress is Anti-Hindu and Why We need pro-Hindu leadership with pro-Hindu ideology at every level of government.
Brothers and sisters,
I grew up in the Indian diaspora as an NRI who didn't know too much about Indian politics or India's internal issues to begin with. I was never religious, I always thought of myself as a cultural Hindu. I thought that Hindus were mostly safe in India being a Hindu majority country with Hindu cultural values.
I thought that the Congress Party was a "normal" party. But when I read about the
2011 draft of the Communal Violence Bill and learned about the
2009 Right to Education Act's inapplicability to Christian minority schools (Pramati judgement), I quickly came to the conclusion that the Congress Party and Sonia/Rahul Gandhi are part of a Vatican/Catholic Church/Christian/Western conspiracy against Hindus and Hinduism. When Sonia Gandhi married Rajiv Gandhi, the Catholic Church saw this moment as its "Constantine" moment in India, when it could try to achieve its nefarious goals by controlling the Indian National Congress. Ever wonder why INC is aligned with Christian missionaries? Who did Rahul Gandhi meet first in Bharat Jodo Yatra? A hate mongering Catholic priest named George Ponniah who spewed vile hatred against the Hindus of Tamil Nadu.
See the following article:
https://swarajyamag.com/politics/is-congress-anti-hindu In particular, I have a deep hatred of Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi who are Catholic Christians. They are evil, completely anti-Hindu, and the brainchild of laws like
Right to Education Act and the 2011 draft of the Communal Violence Bill. It is painfully obvious that they are Vatican agents who have a deep hatred of Hindus and of Indians. That is why I pray for Sonia and Rahul's downfall each and every day.
Communal Violence Bill - Do all Hindus know that the Congress Party tried to pass a Communal Violence Bill in 2011 that assumed that all Hindus were guilty as default, just by being born as Hindus, while Christians & Muslims could freely attack Hindus without any consequences? Did you know that this plan involved creating a so-called "National Communal Commission" with a "minority" (read Muslim/Christian) majority that could somehow control the Indian armed forces and the police forces to bully and terrorize Hindus? Luckily the BJP under Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley, along with Narendra Modi, blocked Congress from passing this anti-Hindu law. BJP and RSS successfully killed this law and then won 2014 in a landslide. Luckily since 2013, the genocidal anti-Hindu Congress Party has been destroyed in the Rajya Sabha and so can never do something like this Communal Violence Bill (CVB) again. Also, India has massive internet penetration now in 2023 compared to back then in 2013 when Congress tried to pass CVB, so if the Italian scum who rule the Congress Party try to pass CVB again they will be exposed and there will be bloody retaliation against them. Variants of the Communal Violence Bill appear in different Congress manifestos under cleverly disguised names and descriptions, but the anti-Hindu intent of the Italian scum is the same. Harsh Mander, who wrote this evil anti-Hindu law with genocidal intent, is still running free instead of being hunted down and punished.
Right to Education Act - We all know how this law discriminates against Hindus running schools while leaving Christian "minority" institutions completely exempt from its horrible requirements like 25% quota, teacher salaries (that are extremely high for no reason), infra requirements like playgrounds etc. Hindus need linguistic minority status or Jain minority status just to escape RTE on their school. This law is so evil and no other country in the world has laws that discriminate against their majority community in education. How dare a Catholic padre who is a filthy pedophile has more rights than a Hindu to run a school without government interference? This was the brainchild of Vatican agent and Catholic terrorist Sonia. People like @ realitycheckind on Twitter have been screaming about RTE since 2014.
Nowadays, wealthy Hindus get around RTE by running linguistic minority or Jain minority schools. In Maharashtra, for instance, the vast majority of Hindu schools owned by politicians or big businessmen switched to linguistic minority status (Hindi/Gujarati/Kannada/Sindhi/Marwadi/Punjabi/Malayalam) or to Jain/Buddhist minority status. For instance, you'll notice that Ambani school in Mumbai is a Gujarati linguistic minority institution, or that Lodha school school in Mumbai is Jain minority, or that Birla school is Marwadi linguistic minority, or that Walsingham school owned by the Mittal family is Hindi linguistic minority. If the top 1% can kill RTE in their schools, why should a mom-pop Hindu family running a school be forced to take in RTE quota freeloaders?
Given how hard it is to politically undo reservation-type laws, the solution to kill the Right to Education Act across the whole of India is to make all Hindu schools across India into Jain minority institutions on paper, throwing out the 25% RTE quota freeloaders who should be kicked out of non-minority private schools. Simply put, nobody has the right to "free" private school education, just because you are part of a particular caste (SC/ST) or community. RTE is also a tool to infiltrate Muslim kids into Hindu owned private schools to achieve the so-called "secularism" that leftists want. If you run a Jain minority institute for instance, you can avoid such "secularism" and "diversity" in your student body and can screen out certain types of students.
This law was so evil and was the reason why so many communities like the Lingayats etc want minority status. Because no other country in the world has laws that make it easier for "minorities" to run schools compared to the majority community. The Jains wanted minority status and got it from the Congress Party in 2014, solely to protect their private schools and colleges from the evil reservation laws that we have and the 93rd constitutional amendment. Nowadays, all wealthy Hindus/corporate India are running Jain minority schools and colleges in the private sector free from any type of caste based reservation. In the future, you will see a movement run by Upper Caste Hindus against reservation in private educational institutions. Pratap Bhanu Mehta (who is really a Jain) knew of the 93rd amendment back in 2005 and successfully got the Jain minority status from the Congress Party. I've seen really top-notch private schools that have linguistic/Jain minority status and are safe from RTE.
Despite this law there, RSS appointees like Priyank Kanoongoo (head of NCPCR - national child rights commission) continue to try to "enforce" RTE on hapless Hindu owned non-minority schools. I have no idea why RSS doesn't have a problem with RTE. If Mr. Modi himself wanted to end RTE, I could guarantee you that this whole "program" would have been shut down on Day 1.
Why should a Hindu school owner be forced to admit 25% "free" education, while a similar school run by a Christian does not have to do so? Is this secularism? If it isn't secular, why aren't Hindus coming on the roads, demanding RTE to be imposed on the schools that those Catholic rapists run?
The True Religion of All Top Congress Leaders (news-flash, Congress is Hindu hating group of individuals plotting against Hindu civilization). While Owaisi is a radical Islamist, people like Rahul Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi are the biggest threat to Hindus on our planet today. Rahul Gandhi - Catholic Christian
Catholic Christian like his mother. Pretends to be a Hindu but hates Hindu culture and Hindu traditions. Is more of an Italian Catholic Christian who is more comfortable talking to Catholic padres in a Church. Is most at home in Kerala with a large Catholic population. Uses Muslims as a vote bank but is really aligned with radical Christian forces that are enemies of Hindu civilization. Ran away from a Hindu majority parliamentary constituency to go to a "secular" Wayanad where Abrahamics (Muslims + Christians) are over 60% of the population, knowing that Hindus would punish him electorally.
Sonia Gandhi - Italian Catholic Christian, whose real name is ANTONIO MAINO. How on Earth did the largest opposition party (Indian National Congress) get taken by an Italian Christian woman and a Vatican stooge?
Malikharjun Kharge - Buddhist Ambedkarite Dalit. Also has a hatred for Hindu Dharma, even when Hinduism and Buddhism are both Indian/Indic faiths in our civilization that are mutually compatible with each other. Hindus don't have any problem with Buddhism or Buddhists and even see Buddhism as an "improved" or "enlightened" version of Hinduism, yet the radical Ambedkarite ideology tries to instigate Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes from other Hindu castes when all Hindus across our country are equal and together. Hindus don't have a problem with anybody embracing Buddhism.
Manmohan Singh - Sikh who was the first non-Hindu Prime Minister of India. Under Mr. Manmohan Singh's tenure, the Congress Party tried to pass the Communal Violence Bill (2011 draft) which distinguished between "minorities" and Hindus in criminal law but was luckily blocked by the BJP who killed it. Now Sonia Gandhi could have chosen a Hindu in her Congress Party as the Prime Minister when Congress won in 2004 and 2009. But she deliberately chose a non-Hindu to implement her radical Hindu-hating agenda. A titular figurehead whose daughter was found working for George Soros and who has a Hindu hating agenda as well.
Others - Ambika Soni who is a Christian, Kapil Sibal who also seems to be a Christian and so forth.
It is painfully clear that Congress Party has an agenda against Hindus and Hinduism and that their national leaders are anti-Hindu. So, why does Congress still win in some state elections? Himachal Pradesh - was very close in 2022. Also, the Congress Party in Himachal Pradesh seems to be led by people who are Hindus. Never saw Hinduphobia YET in Himachal by Himachal Congress.
Chhattisgarh - Suspect that there is a massive conversion of tribals to Christianity, particularly in forests. Would be very dangerous if Baghel wins a 2nd term.
Karnataka - BJP government in Karnataka was corrupt and had poor leaders, with massive anti-incumbency with a 36% vs 43% vote differential. Also, the Kharge factor was there and many Hindu Dalits who would have voted for BJP voted for Cong just because of Kharge's Ambedkarite credentials. If the Congress unit in Karnataka supports Christian missionaries or Muslim terrorist organizations like PFI, it's up to the BJP government at the center to act.
Rajasthan - anti-incumbency in 2018. BJP should win Rajasthan very easily in 2023.
I don't think BJP is favored to win Chhattisgarh but I don't want Congress to ever have more than 3 states (Himachal, Karnataka, Chhatisgarh) by the end of 2023.
____________________________________________________________________________
Congress, being a minoritarian party full of radical Muslim + Christian terrorists, should be reduced below 10% of seats in the Rajya Sabha (currently it's at 31/245 or 12.6%).
It is no surprise that Rahul Gandhi called for American/Western intervention in India's democracy to subvert the will of the Hindu majority (see the interview where this treacherous Rahul Gandhi asks American Nicholas Burns to "intervene" in India's internal affairs).
Hatred towards Hindus is Hatred towards India as a whole.
TLDR: Rahul Gandhi should come clean and disclose his real religion (Catholic Christianity). Why should Hindus let somebody who is completely hateful towards us continue to malign us in international forums, insult our people, our country, our government, and our civilizational nation? Go to the Vatican.
What is Congress's Idea of India and What Does it Really Mean? [Differential Laws on the basis of a person's religion, like Right to Education (RTE) and Communal Violence Bill (CVB). Apartheid laws that discriminate against Hindus] When Rahul Gandhi or some Congress person like Shashi Tharoor (who also seems to be a crypto Catholic Christian) talks about the "Idea of India", they imagine an India where people are subjected to different laws on the basis of faith and where Hindus are 3rd class citizens compared to Abrahamics.
The "Idea of India" people want a world in which Christian schools are exempt from RTE, while Hindu schools suffer RTE; a world where Hindus suffer from a so-called Communal Violence Bill while minorities (Muslims + Christians) terrorize Hindus.
Does this "Idea of India" appeal to you? If you forcefully try to impose Christian or Muslim supremacy on a country with over a billion Hindus, we will retaliate and we will destroy you. In an era where people are connected via telecommunications/Internet and are becoming more literate and technologically savvy, if you do anything against Hindus, we will destroy you. Your fake "Gandhi" surname won't stop us from noticing that you are a Vatican terrorist along with your mother.
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2023.06.04 08:41 Main_Star3808 Why Congress is Anti-Hindu and Why I as a clueless nri became a supporter of Hindutva politics in India until India is completely ruled by Pro-Hindu politicians with Pro-Hindu Ideology.
Brothers and sisters,
I grew up in the Indian diaspora as an NRI who didn't know too much about Indian politics or India's internal issues to begin with. I was never religious, I always thought of myself as a cultural Hindu. I thought that Hindus were mostly safe in India being a Hindu majority country with Hindu cultural values.
I thought that the Congress Party was a "normal" party. But when I read about the
2011 draft of the Communal Violence Bill and learned about the
2009 Right to Education Act's inapplicability to Christian minority schools (Pramati judgement), I quickly came to the conclusion that the Congress Party and Sonia/Rahul Gandhi are part of a Vatican/Catholic Church/Christian/Western conspiracy against Hindus and Hinduism. When Sonia Gandhi married Rajiv Gandhi, the Catholic Church saw this moment as its "Constantine" moment in India, when it could try to achieve its nefarious goals by controlling the Indian National Congress. Ever wonder why INC is aligned with Christian missionaries? Who did Rahul Gandhi meet first in Bharat Jodo Yatra? A hate mongering Catholic priest named George Ponniah who spewed vile hatred against the Hindus of Tamil Nadu.
See the following article:
https://swarajyamag.com/politics/is-congress-anti-hindu In particular, I have a deep hatred of Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi who are Catholic Christians. They are evil, completely anti-Hindu, and the brainchild of laws like
Right to Education Act and the 2011 draft of the Communal Violence Bill. It is painfully obvious that they are Vatican agents who have a deep hatred of Hindus and of Indians. That is why I pray for Sonia and Rahul's downfall each and every day.
Communal Violence Bill - Do all Hindus know that the Congress Party tried to pass a Communal Violence Bill in 2011 that assumed that all Hindus were guilty as default, just by being born as Hindus, while Christians & Muslims could freely attack Hindus without any consequences? Did you know that this plan involved creating a so-called "National Communal Commission" with a "minority" (read Muslim/Christian) majority that could somehow control the Indian armed forces and the police forces to bully and terrorize Hindus? Luckily the BJP under Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley, along with Narendra Modi, blocked Congress from passing this anti-Hindu law. BJP and RSS successfully killed this law and then won 2014 in a landslide. Luckily since 2013, the genocidal anti-Hindu Congress Party has been destroyed in the Rajya Sabha and so can never do something like this Communal Violence Bill (CVB) again. Also, India has massive internet penetration now in 2023 compared to back then in 2013 when Congress tried to pass CVB, so if the Italian scum who rule the Congress Party try to pass CVB again they will be exposed and there will be bloody retaliation against them. Variants of the Communal Violence Bill appear in different Congress manifestos under cleverly disguised names and descriptions, but the anti-Hindu intent of the Italian scum is the same. Harsh Mander, who wrote this evil anti-Hindu law with genocidal intent, is still running free instead of being hunted down and punished.
Right to Education Act - We all know how this law discriminates against Hindus running schools while leaving Christian "minority" institutions completely exempt from its horrible requirements like 25% quota, teacher salaries (that are extremely high for no reason), infra requirements like playgrounds etc. Hindus need linguistic minority status or Jain minority status just to escape RTE on their school. This law is so evil and no other country in the world has laws that discriminate against their majority community in education. How dare a Catholic padre who is a filthy pedophile has more rights than a Hindu to run a school without government interference? This was the brainchild of Vatican agent and Catholic terrorist Sonia. People like @ realitycheckind on Twitter have been screaming about RTE since 2014.
Nowadays, wealthy Hindus get around RTE by running linguistic minority or Jain minority schools. In Maharashtra, for instance, the vast majority of Hindu schools owned by politicians or big businessmen switched to linguistic minority status (Hindi/Gujarati/Kannada/Sindhi/Marwadi/Punjabi/Malayalam) or to Jain/Buddhist minority status. For instance, you'll notice that Ambani school in Mumbai is a Gujarati linguistic minority institution, or that Lodha school school in Mumbai is Jain minority, or that Birla school is Marwadi linguistic minority, or that Walsingham school owned by the Mittal family is Hindi linguistic minority. If the top 1% can kill RTE in their schools, why should a mom-pop Hindu family running a school be forced to take in RTE quota freeloaders?
Given how hard it is to politically undo reservation-type laws, the solution to kill the Right to Education Act across the whole of India is to make all Hindu schools across India into Jain minority institutions on paper, throwing out the 25% RTE quota freeloaders who should be kicked out of non-minority private schools. Simply put, nobody has the right to "free" private school education, just because you are part of a particular caste (SC/ST) or community. RTE is also a tool to infiltrate Muslim kids into Hindu owned private schools to achieve the so-called "secularism" that leftists want. If you run a Jain minority institute for instance, you can avoid such "secularism" and "diversity" in your student body and can screen out certain types of students.
This law was so evil and was the reason why so many communities like the Lingayats etc want minority status. Because no other country in the world has laws that make it easier for "minorities" to run schools compared to the majority community. The Jains wanted minority status and got it from the Congress Party in 2014, solely to protect their private schools and colleges from the evil reservation laws that we have and the 93rd constitutional amendment. Nowadays, all wealthy Hindus/corporate India are running Jain minority schools and colleges in the private sector free from any type of caste based reservation. In the future, you will see a movement run by Upper Caste Hindus against reservation in private educational institutions. Pratap Bhanu Mehta (who is really a Jain) knew of the 93rd amendment back in 2005 and successfully got the Jain minority status from the Congress Party. I've seen really top-notch private schools that have linguistic/Jain minority status and are safe from RTE.
Despite this law there, RSS appointees like Priyank Kanoongoo (head of NCPCR - national child rights commission) continue to try to "enforce" RTE on hapless Hindu owned non-minority schools. I have no idea why RSS doesn't have a problem with RTE. If Mr. Modi himself wanted to end RTE, I could guarantee you that this whole "program" would have been shut down on Day 1.
Why should a Hindu school owner be forced to admit 25% "free" education, while a similar school run by a Christian does not have to do so? Is this secularism? If it isn't secular, why aren't Hindus coming on the roads, demanding RTE to be imposed on the schools that those Catholic rapists run?
The True Religion of All Top Congress Leaders (news-flash, Congress is Hindu hating group of individuals plotting against Hindu civilization). While Owaisi is a radical Islamist, people like Rahul Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi are the biggest threat to Hindus on our planet today. Rahul Gandhi - Catholic Christian
Catholic Christian like his mother. Pretends to be a Hindu but hates Hindu culture and Hindu traditions. Is more of an Italian Catholic Christian who is more comfortable talking to Catholic padres in a Church. Is most at home in Kerala with a large Catholic population. Uses Muslims as a vote bank but is really aligned with radical Christian forces that are enemies of Hindu civilization. Ran away from a Hindu majority parliamentary constituency to go to a "secular" Wayanad where Abrahamics (Muslims + Christians) are over 60% of the population, knowing that Hindus would punish him electorally.
Sonia Gandhi - Italian Catholic Christian, whose real name is ANTONIO MAINO. How on Earth did the largest opposition party (Indian National Congress) get taken by an Italian Christian woman and a Vatican stooge?
Malikharjun Kharge - Buddhist Ambedkarite Dalit. Also has a hatred for Hindu Dharma, even when Hinduism and Buddhism are both Indian/Indic faiths in our civilization that are mutually compatible with each other. Hindus don't have any problem with Buddhism or Buddhists and even see Buddhism as an "improved" or "enlightened" version of Hinduism, yet the radical Ambedkarite ideology tries to instigate Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes from other Hindu castes when all Hindus across our country are equal and together. Hindus don't have a problem with anybody embracing Buddhism.
Manmohan Singh - Sikh who was the first non-Hindu Prime Minister of India. Under Mr. Manmohan Singh's tenure, the Congress Party tried to pass the Communal Violence Bill (2011 draft) which distinguished between "minorities" and Hindus in criminal law but was luckily blocked by the BJP who killed it. Now Sonia Gandhi could have chosen a Hindu in her Congress Party as the Prime Minister when Congress won in 2004 and 2009. But she deliberately chose a non-Hindu to implement her radical Hindu-hating agenda. A titular figurehead whose daughter was found working for George Soros and who has a Hindu hating agenda as well.
Others - Ambika Soni who is a Christian, Kapil Sibal who also seems to be a Christian and so forth.
It is painfully clear that Congress Party has an agenda against Hindus and Hinduism and that their national leaders are anti-Hindu. So, why does Congress still win in some state elections? Himachal Pradesh - was very close in 2022. Also, the Congress Party in Himachal Pradesh seems to be led by people who are Hindus. Never saw Hinduphobia YET in Himachal by Himachal Congress.
Chhattisgarh - Suspect that there is a massive conversion of tribals to Christianity, particularly in forests. Would be very dangerous if Baghel wins a 2nd term.
Karnataka - BJP government in Karnataka was corrupt and had poor leaders, with massive anti-incumbency with a 36% vs 43% vote differential. Also, the Kharge factor was there and many Hindu Dalits who would have voted for BJP voted for Cong just because of Kharge's Ambedkarite credentials. If the Congress unit in Karnataka supports Christian missionaries or Muslim terrorist organizations like PFI, it's up to the BJP government at the center to act.
Rajasthan - anti-incumbency in 2018. BJP should win Rajasthan very easily in 2023.
I don't think BJP is favored to win Chhattisgarh but I don't want Congress to ever have more than 3 states (Himachal, Karnataka, Chhatisgarh) by the end of 2023.
____________________________________________________________________________
Congress, being a minoritarian party full of radical Muslim + Christian terrorists, should be reduced below 10% of seats in the Rajya Sabha (currently it's at 31/245 or 12.6%).
It is no surprise that Rahul Gandhi called for American/Western intervention in India's democracy to subvert the will of the Hindu majority (see the interview where this treacherous Rahul Gandhi asks American Nicholas Burns to "intervene" in India's internal affairs).
Hatred towards Hindus is Hatred towards India as a whole.
TLDR: Rahul Gandhi should come clean and disclose his real religion (Catholic Christianity). Why should Hindus let somebody who is completely hateful towards us continue to malign us in international forums, insult our people, our country, our government, and our civilizational nation? Go to the Vatican.
What is Congress's Idea of India and What Does it Really Mean? [Differential Laws on the basis of a person's religion, like Right to Education (RTE) and Communal Violence Bill (CVB). Apartheid laws that discriminate against Hindus] When Rahul Gandhi or some Congress person like Shashi Tharoor (who also seems to be a crypto Catholic Christian) talks about the "Idea of India", they imagine an India where people are subjected to different laws on the basis of faith and where Hindus are 3rd class citizens compared to Abrahamics.
The "Idea of India" people want a world in which Christian schools are exempt from RTE, while Hindu schools suffer RTE; a world where Hindus suffer from a so-called Communal Violence Bill while minorities (Muslims + Christians) terrorize Hindus.
Does this "Idea of India" appeal to you? If you forcefully try to impose Christian or Muslim supremacy on a country with over a billion Hindus, we will retaliate and we will destroy you. In an era where people are connected via telecommunications/Internet and are becoming more literate and technologically savvy, if you do anything against Hindus, we will destroy you. Your fake "Gandhi" surname won't stop us from noticing that you are a Vatican terrorist along with your mother.
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2023.06.04 07:27 Educational-Nose223 CarboFix Reviews Reddit : ⚠️Scam?⚠️Must Read! Before Buy - CarboFix Pills Review - CarboFix Pills Does Work?
| CarboFix Reviews Reddit : ⚠️Scam?⚠️Must Read! Before Buy - CarboFix Pills Review - CarboFix Pills Does Work? CarboFix Reviews Reddit CarboFix is an all-natural weight loss supplement designed to “turn on” your metabolism in just 3-seconds to burn off stubborn fat easier than ever. Taking CarboFix daily can increase fat burning, decrease hunger, increase weight loss, improve blood sugar control, and improve longevity. If you’re struggling to lose weight, have hit a weight loss plateau, or just want an extra crutch to help you achieve your weight loss goals, then CarboFix may be right for you. What is CarboFix? As mentioned before, CarboFix is a natural weight loss supplement that claims to “activate” your metabolic switch to melt away fat faster than ever. It relies on five clinically studied ingredients proven to help you melt away fat without going on a restrictive diet or an impossible exercise program. By using CarboFix on a daily basis, the manufacturer claims you can: - Safely burn fat and lose weight
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- 100% plant-based. There were no chemicals added to the supplement. This means that you get the most natural ingredients without the risk of chemicals and unwanted artificial things.
- CarboFix benefits are an overall package for the body. It does not only deal with weight loss but can make you into the best version of yourself.
Ingredients in CarboFix CarboFix utilizes six powerful natural ingredients in order to help you lose weight quickly and safely, yet for long-term success. These are the six ingredients in CarboFix: Chromium picolinate: Chromium is an essential trace mineral that can improve insulin sensitivity and speed up the metabolism of protein, carbs, and lipids (fats). Studies have found chromium supplementation can increase weight loss compared to a placebo. Berberine HCL: Berberine is a yellowish herbal extract that appears to activate AMPK in your body. It also helps to lower insulin resistance to prevent blood sugar spikes. It also appears to activate the function of three fat-regulating hormones – insulin, adiponectin, and leptin. Cinnamon bark extract: Cinnamon bark extract is one of the most popular herbal extracts for weight loss. It appears cinnamon works to speed up your body’s metabolism, reduce insulin sensitivity, combat inflammation, and enhance digestion. There’s also evidence that cinnamon bark can reduce appetite by making you feel fuller for longer. Benfotiamine: Benfotiamine is a special version of thiamine that is more easily absorbed than traditional vitamin B1. Studies suggest that benfotiamine may block the harmful effects of glycotoxins, which trigger inflammation and speed up aging-related diseases. Studies also suggest benfotiamine may help combat neuropathy, improve thyroid function, relieve anxiety, and eliminate inflammation. Naringin (from grapefruit): Naringin appears to help promote the digestion of carbohydrates, improve immune system activity, and to increase lipid oxidation. It is a natural flavonoid compound primarily found in grapefruit. Alpha lipoic acid: Alpha lipoic acid is an organic compound found in every cell in your body. It has powerful antioxidant properties and research has shown in can improve AMPK, thus increasing the number of calories your body burns each day. Alpha Lipoic acid may also combat inflammation, improve nerve function, and improve blood sugar control as well. As you can see, there are no additives, artificial ingredients, or stimulants in CarboFix – only 100% natural, safe ingredients. CarboFix Side Effects – Is it Safe? The best thing about CarboFix is that not only is it an effective weight loss supplement – it’s also very safe. In fact, as of this writing, there haven’t been any reports of any serious side effects while using the product. This is not to say side effects cannot occur. Any supplement may cause minor side effects like headache, nausea, or stomach pain. However, the risk of experiencing these side effects while using CarboFix is incredibly low. This is not to say that CarboFix is right for everyone. For example, pregnant or nursing mothers should not use this product – or any weight loss product for that matter. Likewise, this product is only intended for those over the age of 18. Therefore, you should not give the product to your children or take it if you are under 18. Finally, if you are currently taking prescription medication or have a serious medical condition, then it is recommended you consult a doctor before trying this product. Overall, CarboFix is both safe and effective. It is highly unlikely to negatively impact your health in any way due to its proven, safe formula. However, if you still feel that it may not be right for you, we recommend you consult a doctor before using the product. CarboFix Pros and Cons Besides coming across one of the cons early in this review, CarboFix is known to have lots of pros over its cons. It is a supplement that has good reviews across the board and is regarded as effective by many. CarboFix may have some ugly things on its side, but it works for most people, and that’s probably its best-selling factor overall. Carbofix pros are: - Highly transparent manufacturer
- Works in simple layman terms
- Works much faster than other supplements of its kind
- Can lower blood sugar and bad cholesterol
- Reduces fat
- Reduces inflammation
- Reduces constant feelings of hunger and insatiable appetite
- It contains a fairly large amount of antioxidants
Carbofix cons are: - Not available elsewhere; only available on their official website
CarboFix Pricing & Guarantee Despite being one of the newer weight loss supplements to hit the market, CarboFix has established itself as one of the best weight loss products on the market. If you believe CarboFix is right for you, then the best place to order is directly through the official website. There you will find three different purchasing options to choose from, depending on your individual needs and budget. These are the three current packages available: - One bottle: $49 + shipping
- Three bottles: $126 Total - $42 per bottle + shipping
- Six bottles: $204 Total - $34 per bottle + shipping
No matter what package you select, the manufacturer of CarboFix offers all customers a 60-day, 100% satisfaction guarantee. If, for any reason, you are dissatisfied with your purchase, experience any unwanted side effects, or simply don’t like the product any longer, you can contact the manufacturer to receive a full refund. Simply contact the customer service team, and you’ll receive a full & prompt refund once you return the bottles – no questions asked. To order CarboFix, visit the official website and select your package today! CarboFix Bonuses If you decide to order CarboFix, then you'll receive three bonus e-books to help you achieve your weight loss goals more easily. These are the three bonuses offered with every purchase of CarboFix: Bonus #1: 10-Day Rapid Fat Loss Diet https://preview.redd.it/ksdx58ibrx3b1.png?width=415&format=png&auto=webp&s=230e02e199e1c814eb1009ac06168c9ff743a59c The first bonus is the 10-Day Rapid Fat Loss Diet. This e-Book will show you a variety of tricks and tips to melt away fat in 10 days. You’ll learn how to reprogram your body to burn fat while you sleep, the secret to eating carbs that won’t get stored as fat, and much more. Bonus #2: 24-Hour Fix https://preview.redd.it/0vetzk3brx3b1.png?width=415&format=png&auto=webp&s=d54f2ea9c6597df7cb295b36fccbf3118e01cb26 Most dieters will tell you the hardest part is getting started. That’s where the 24-Hour Fix comes in handy. This e-book will show you how to begin your diet using an exact protocol to start your diet off on the right track. You’ll be able to instantly build momentum to maximize your weight loss results with CarboFix. Bonus #3: 50 Fat Blasting Red Smoothies https://preview.redd.it/jsixaf94rx3b1.png?width=415&format=png&auto=webp&s=bde9b012f8034af2295c489dc0e653d69aaea21d Finally, the last bonus e-Book on our list is 50 Fat Blasting Red Smoothies. This e-Book is filled with 50 delicious and healthy smoothie recipes that will not only help you burn belly fat but also get healthier in the process. Best of all, you most likely have most of the ingredients in your fridge already. Final Recap CarboFix is the ideal weight loss supplement for long-term success, especially if you struggle with carbohydrate cravings. Whether you’re trying to lose 10, 20, or 30 pounds, CarboFix can help. If you want safe, long-term weight loss results, then there’s no doubt about it, CarboFix is the perfect natural solution. To order CarboFix, visit the official website and select your package today! submitted by Educational-Nose223 to CarboFixReviewsReddit [link] [comments] |
2023.06.04 04:50 TECHNOMARC357 History lesson
Gray Tools is a Canadian professional tool company based in Brampton, Ontario. Founded in 1912 by Alex Gray (1883-1969), Gray Tools is Canada's largest professional tool manufacturing company, with 4000 industrial products available.
Gray Tools Canada was founded in 1912 by Alex Gray as a machinery equipment supplier. As the automobile industry was starting up, Gray began making automobile manufacturing tools and tool kits specific to the automobile companies in nearby Detroit. In May 2012, President and owner Alex Gray III sold the company to Garry Nuttall and Frank Dominguez. Alex Gray III remains with the company as chairman.
As of 2013, the company employed 60 people at its head office in Brampton, Ontario, where all manufacturing is done. Company warehouses are located in Brampton and Edmonton, Alberta.
Gray Tools celebrated its 100th birthday by making a large donation of tools and equipment to local schools and by initiating the Gray Tools Canada Highest Standard Achievement Award, presented to a student with exceptional success in vocational education.
A simple philosophy
Having left home at 16, Alex Gray travelled the world for many years before settling in Toronto, Canada. During his travels, he met a wide variety of tradesmen who earned their living with their hands and their tools every single day. He quickly learned that the quality of a man's work and his choice of tools were the difference between prosperity and poverty.In 1912, he decided to establish Gray Tools and began manufacturing hand tools specifically for the accomplished professional. His early experiences taught him the value of maintaining close relationships with the users and the resellers who served them. The strength of these relationships and the mutual respect they created helped Gray Tools become the standard amongst these uncompromising users.Today, over 100 years later, the business continues to be built on relationships and trust. No different from generations before, we continue to spend time with the people who use our tools and appreciate the difference a better hand tool makes in their hands.We are extremely proud to be the only industrial-quality manufacturer of hand tools in Canada. Our goal is always to exceed your rigorous expectations for quality and reliability. We continue to deliver tools of the highest standard, providing tradesmen the confidence to perform and achieve exceptional results.As we enter our second century in business, we look forward to being a part of your future projects, achievements, and successes.
-The Team at Gray Tools Canada Inc.
Part of Your Success Since 1912
1912. The year 1912 was one of great personal significance for Alex Gray 1st in that it set his family’s course for a century.
Alex, now twenty-nine, and two of his brothers incorporated the Gray Manufacturing & Machine Company Limited in September.The letterhead described the company as a “Manufacturer of steam and power pumps and special machinery”.
1920's. The first hand-tool catalogue was printed in 1922. There were two editions of the catalogue, which were identical except for the cover. The Canadian edition Gray-Toronto was issued by the Gray Ball Bearing Company Limited.
The catalogue listed 302 different hand tools including sockets, wrenches, handles, extension bars, universal joints, and associated parts. In addition, many wrench sets were produced specifically for certain cars made at that time. Tool sets were packed in handsome hardwood boxes with a natural-stain finish and brass trimmings.
1930's.To take advantage of the prosperity of the forties, the business had been gradually growing for many years, not only in technology and manufacturing expertise but also in physical space.
In 1937, a single-storey addition was added to the west side of the factory. This increased the building size to 43,000 square feet so that it extended the full length of the city block. The company now had three street frontages and was at a main intersection serviced by two bus lines. This made it a site that employees and customers could easily access.
1940's. After ten years of decline and misery, Canada was pulled out of the Great Depression in 1939 by the Second World War.Hundreds of Canadian factories devoted their energy and resources to supplying the Allies with massive quantities of war material, and Gray-Bonney did the same.
The Canadian Armed Forces became the single largest customer for the company, buying tools, machines, and other miscellaneous metal parts for military use.
1950's. Gray Tools continued to expand with the catalogue now listing more than 1,800 items. In addition, new products were often larger: for example, pry bars were longer, tool boxes had more drawers, and roller cabinets needed extra room.
To fill that need, a 17,000-square-foot, two-storey, cement-block warehouse was built in 1953, on the east side of St. Clarens Avenue directly across from the 1929 factory.
1960's. Peace and prosperity followed World War Two. Canadian factories and businesses had not suffered the devastation of bombardment.
For the first time, several innovative marketing features were added to the Gray-Bonney line. The wrench sets were packaged for the first time in colourful cardboard boxes with cellophane wrapping.
Also in stores now were multi-panel counter displays that mechanics could revolve to better see and touch the many different tools that were available.
1970's. Due to increased customer demand the need for expansion became evident.
The construction of the current Gray Tools facility in Brampton, Ontario took place throughout the winter of 1969 and the spring of 1970. One major improvement came in 1974 when a nickel-and-chrome electroplating line was purchased and installed. Although for many decades all of this work had been done by Industrial Electroplating, the increased factory space in Brampton made it more economical to have an in-house plating line.
1980's. In the early 1980s, Canada entered a new economic era defined by a revolution in information technology and globalization. Although always important, it was particularly necessary at this time for the company to try to differentiate itself from its competitors.
A very effective way was by providing excellent customer service. Travel allowed C. Alex to establish a connection with customers that they rarely, if ever, had with another company or company president. Over the course of several decades, C. Alex journeyed all across Canada for at least two months of each year, visiting distributors in many cities, towns, and villages.
1990's. As the demand for tool storage solutions increased Gray launched the PRO, GT and XL series of “Made In Canada” toolboxes.
For the mechanic who needed to store many pounds of tools as well as hard hats, safety glasses, and other work-related objects, a larger and more substantial box was especially useful.
So the box itself was made using heavy-gauge sheet metal, and the casters were made wider and larger to support the weight and to roll easily on the floor. Often, the box was sold as a set consisting of a bottom roller cabinet with a second, stepped-in top chest resting above.
2000's. In 1912, Gray Tools was the only company that manufactured a broad line of hand tools in Canada. In 2012, Gray Tools is still the only company that manufactures a broad line of hand tools in Canada.
With over two hundred million tools manufactured and sold, the company has a proud history. The business standards of integrity and quality, the emphasis on customer service, and the respect for Canadian heritage have persisted unchanged for a hundred years.
submitted by
TECHNOMARC357 to
GrayTools [link] [comments]
2023.06.04 04:35 Vanacoolinginc VANA HEATING & COOLING INC.
Central Air Conditioner
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Your central air conditioner is one of the most vital components of your sanity, and we’ll get it back up and running in no time. When it comes to AC repair New York, you won’t find a better team than VANA HEATING & COOLING INC.
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submitted by
Vanacoolinginc to
u/Vanacoolinginc [link] [comments]
2023.06.04 04:21 featherdance [Sell][US] Dior, Kaja, Fenty, Viseart, NARS, Hourglass, Becca, Rephr & more!
Shipping:
- $4.75 flat fee, US only.
- I always ship with USPS Priority Mail within 24 hours (except Sunday of course)
- I always send a tracking number same day of payment
Payment: Paypal Goods & Services, I cover the fee.
Verification:
https://imgur.com/a/oWWrQtH
Everything is from a clean, smoke-free home. 104 items sold in 32 separate successful transactions on Makeup Exchange so far! Happy to answer any questions, thanks for browsing!
*BNIB means the item is brand new, never swatched, *and* the box is included. Other items may be brand new, never swatched, but no box so not marked BNIB.
*Never opened (ie., for liquid products) means the screw cap has never come off - which you can also visually verify because no product has touched the stoppers. Happy to take more detailed photos if proof is needed. :)
Individual Items (in album order):
>> Non-Makeup << - Dermapore Ultrasonic Pore Extractor & Serum Infuser $78
- Condition: Like New, used 2x and thoroughly cleaned
>> Higher End << - Viseart Golden Hour $25
- Condition: BNIB - protective covering over outer metal shell still on. Never swatched any shades.
- Note - When I received this from Sephora, two of the pans were loose. I glued them back, but was not careful and accidentally swapped the spots (middle row)
- Giorgio Armani Eye Tint in 8: Flannel $20
- Condition: New, swatched once
- CoverFX Enhance Click Blush Stick in Blossom $6
- CoverFX Enhance Click Blush Stick in Berry $6
- Lorac Pro Party Ready Palette $5
- KVD Everlasting Liquid Lip Deluxe Size in Outlaw $5
- Clinique Solar Pop Bronzer $18
- Brand new, never swatched
- NARS Laguna Bronzer Deluxe $10
- Brand new, never swatched
- ABH Loose Highlighter in So Hollywood $12
- Brand new, never opened - protective cover attached
- Becca First Light Priming Filter Deluxe $8
- Condition: Brand new, still sealed
- Becca Shimmering Skin Perfector Deluxe $8
- Condition: Brand new, still sealed
- Too Faced Born This way Sculpting Multi-Use Concealer in Natural Beige $22
- Condition: BNIB, never opened
- Tarte Amazonian Clay Blush in Paaaarty $18
- Condition: BNIB (Note: This is full-size! I recall this shade was popular in mini form)
- Dior Backstage Rosy Glow Blush in 001 Pink $34
- Rose Inc. Lip & Cheek Color in Delphine $22
- Condition: Brand new, never touched
- Kosas Color & Light Cream Palette in Helios $22
- Condition: Brand new, never swatched
- Becca Shimmering Skin Perfector in Rose Gold, Deluxe $6
- Condition: Repressed, but never used
- Becca Shimmering Skin Perfector in Opal, Deluxe $14
- Condition: New, Swatched once
- Persona 24hr Waterproof Eyeliner in Brown $10
- Condition: Like new, swatched once
- Lancome Monseiur Big Mascara, Deluxe $6
- Condition: New, never used
- Bread Beauty Hair Puff $8
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Anastasia Beverly Hills Liquid Lipstick in Poet $10
- Condition: New, Swatched once
- Ofra Long Lasting Liquid Lipstick in Unzipped $5
- Condition: New, Swatched once
- Urban Decay Vice Liquid Lipstick in Trivial $10
- Condition: New, Swatched once
- Tarte Tarteist Lash Paint Deluxe $4
- Condition: New, opened once but never swatched
- Fenty Match Stix Matte Skinstick in Caramel $12
- Condition: New, Swatched once
- Hourglass Veil Translucent Setting Powder, Deluxe $12
- Condition: Brand new, never opened
- Charlotte Tilbury Eyeliner in Pillow Talk, Deluxe $16
- Smashbox Always On Gel Liner in Fishnet, Deluxe $14
- Danessa Myricks Mirrored Palette $4
- Condition: Brand new, never opened
- Can be free with a large enough purchase - it's heavy so mostly charging for shipping!
- Olio E Osso Balm in Currant $14
- Olio E Osso Balm in French Melon $14
- Anastasia Beverly Hills Glow Kit in Sugar $28
- Condition: New, each shade swatched once
- Fenty Beauty Match Stix in Suede $14
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Benefit Hoola Lite, Deluxe $4
- Condition: Like new, swatched 2-3x
- About Face Light Lock Lip Gloss in Payton $8
- Kaja Bento Trio in 04 Sparkling Rose $14
- Condition: New, each shade swatched once
- Ilia Fullest Volumizing Mascara (2x) $8
- Smashbox Be Legendary Liquid Metal in Petal Metal $6
- Condition: New, swatched once
- About Face Cheek Freak in Big O $14
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Dose of Colors x Nyma Tang Matte Liquid Lip in Like to See It $13
- Condition: New, never swatched
- Dose of Colors x Nyma Tang Lip Gloss in E-Jen $13
- Condition: New, never swatched
- Too Faced Melted Matte in Queen B $6
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Too Faced Natural Nudes in Nip Slip $12
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Origins Blooming Bold Lipstick in Tiger Lily $12
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Pat McGrath Skin Fetish Sublime Perfection Concealer in LM14 $20
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Bite Beauty Upswing Mascara, Deluxe $4
- Condition: Swatched a few times
- Freck OG The Original Freckle $18
- Condition: Brand new, never opened
- Rephr Modular Vanity System: Palettes Component C (2x) $8
- Rephr Modular Vanity System: Lips & Sticks Component B $8
>> K-Beauty, Drugstore, etc. << (additional 20% off of purchase of 5+ items) - PUR Midnight Masquerade Palette $4
- Condition: Like new, 4 eyeshadow shades swatched once
- Colourpop Sol Palette $7
- Condition: New, 1-2 shades swatched once
- Rom&nd See Through Melting Cheek in Melting Beige $9
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Naming Fluffy Powder Blush in Toast $9
- Condition: Like New, swatched once
- Colourpop Animal Crossing Blush in Flower Power $8
- Colourpop Animal Crossing Blush in Flower Tender $8
- The Beauty Crop Staycation Powder Bronzer in Tanneries, $2
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Note Luminous Silk Compact, 05 Desert Rose $8
- Bang Beauty Blush in Smoked Peach $3
- Condition: New, swatched 1-2x
- City Color Glow Duo $2
- Hikari Shimmer BronzeBlush $2
- Condition: Like new, swatched twice
- Estate Dew Me Baked Highlight in Pearl $2
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Space Case Cosmetics Highlighter in Seen From Space $2
- Condition: Like new, swatched once
- Basie Beauty Bronzy AF Bronzer Palette in Snachural, Cinnamon, Bad and Bronzey $8
- Chella Divine Purpose Eyeshadow Palette $8
- INT Cosmetics Lip Oil $5
- BNIB, still shrink wrapped
- Coty Airspun Loose Face Powder in Translucent $4
- Condition: Like new, some powder dusted out 1-2x
- Bodyography Eye Pencil Duo (Brown, Black) $10
- Nyx Velvet Matte Lipstick in Soft Femme $3
- Aurora 24h Lively Lip Stain in Soft Pink $2
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Billion Dollar Brows Universal Brow Pencil $2
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Olive & June "The Poppy" Universal Nail Polish Handle $10
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Olive & June "The Poppy" Universal Nail Polish Handle in LE Pink + Stars Print $10
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Ittse Van Ness Magnetic Eyeshadow Palette in Rose Gold $8
- Condition: New
- Includes a few miscellaneous single shadows for free if you want them!
- Elizabeth Mott Pop! Goes the Shadow in Mermaid Teal $2
- The Ordinary Squalane Cleanser $6
- Bang Beauty Chocolate Gel Eyeliner $5
- Condition: Brand new, never used
- Colourpop Creme Shadow in Prickly Poppy $4
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Colourpop Ultra Glossy Lip in Moon Child $4
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Nyx Born to Glow Liquid Illuminator $4
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Doucce Punk Volumizing Mascara $3
- Condition: New, never used
- Butter London Glazen Eye Gloss in Icing $8
- Condition: New, swatched once (looks messy in the pot, but that is how it arrived new)
- Nyx Matte Lipstick in MLS10 $4
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Sephora Cream Lip Stain Liquid Lipstick in Pink Tea, Deluxe $4
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Sephora Lipstories in Oui $6
- Condition: New, swatched once
- Sephora Lipstories in Spring Break $6
- Condition: New, swatched twice
Freebies with any purchase:
- Owl Lip Balm
- Condition: Like new, swatched once
- Ipsy Makeup Drawstring Bag
- Butter Pin
- Sephoria Lip-Shaped Ice Cube Molds
- Jason Wu Pouch & Stickers
- Danessa Myricks Yummy Skin Eye Mask
- Pat McGrath Mothership VIII Art Box
- Good condition, in case anyone collects these or is missing this one
- Pat McGrath Mothership X Art Box
- Good condition, in case anyone collects these or is missing this one
submitted by
featherdance to
makeupexchange [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 20:57 MinimumComfortable89 Need help for a crash report
i tried to open the game and it crashed with this report:
java.lang.RuntimeException: Could not execute entrypoint stage 'main' due to errors, provided by 'sliceanddice'!
at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.lambda$invoke0$0([EntrypointUtils.java:51](https://EntrypointUtils.java:51)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.util.ExceptionUtil.gatherExceptions([ExceptionUtil.java:33](https://ExceptionUtil.java:33)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.invoke0([EntrypointUtils.java:49](https://EntrypointUtils.java:49)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.invoke([EntrypointUtils.java:35](https://EntrypointUtils.java:35)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.game.minecraft.Hooks.startClient([Hooks.java:52](https://Hooks.java:52)) at net.minecraft.class\_310.(class\_310.java:459) at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.method\_44604([Main.java:205](https://Main.java:205)) at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.main([Main.java:51](https://Main.java:51)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.game.minecraft.MinecraftGameProvider.launch([MinecraftGameProvider.java:468](https://MinecraftGameProvider.java:468)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.Knot.launch([Knot.java:74](https://Knot.java:74)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClient.main([KnotClient.java:23](https://KnotClient.java:23))
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: net/minecraft/world/item/CreativeModeTab
at com.possible\_triangle.sliceanddice.Content.(Content.kt:54) at com.possible\_triangle.sliceanddice.SliceAndDice.onInitialize([SliceAndDice.java:17](https://SliceAndDice.java:17)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.invoke0([EntrypointUtils.java:47](https://EntrypointUtils.java:47)) ... 8 more
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: net.minecraft.world.item.CreativeModeTab
at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass([BuiltinClassLoader.java:641](https://BuiltinClassLoader.java:641)) at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass([ClassLoader.java:520](https://ClassLoader.java:520)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClassDelegate.loadClass([KnotClassDelegate.java:226](https://KnotClassDelegate.java:226)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClassLoader.loadClass([KnotClassLoader.java:112](https://KnotClassLoader.java:112)) at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass([ClassLoader.java:520](https://ClassLoader.java:520)) ... 11 more
A detailed walkthrough of the error, its code path and all known details is as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Head --
Thread: Render thread
Stacktrace:
at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.lambda$invoke0$0([EntrypointUtils.java:51](https://EntrypointUtils.java:51)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.util.ExceptionUtil.gatherExceptions([ExceptionUtil.java:33](https://ExceptionUtil.java:33)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.invoke0([EntrypointUtils.java:49](https://EntrypointUtils.java:49)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.entrypoint.EntrypointUtils.invoke([EntrypointUtils.java:35](https://EntrypointUtils.java:35)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.game.minecraft.Hooks.startClient([Hooks.java:52](https://Hooks.java:52)) at net.minecraft.class\_310.(class\_310.java:459)
-- Initialization --
Details:
Modules: ADVAPI32.dll:Advanced Windows 32 Base API:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation COMCTL32.dll:User Experience Controls Library:6.10 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation CRYPT32.dll:Crypto API32:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation CRYPTBASE.dll:Base cryptographic API DLL:10.0.19041.546 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation CRYPTSP.dll:Cryptographic Service Provider API:10.0.19041.546 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation DBGHELP.DLL:Windows Image Helper:10.0.19041.867 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation DNSAPI.dll:DNS Client API DLL:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation GDI32.dll:GDI Client DLL:10.0.19041.2913 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation IMM32.DLL:Multi-User Windows IMM32 API Client DLL:10.0.19041.2673 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation IPHLPAPI.DLL:IP Helper API:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation KERNEL32.DLL:Windows NT BASE API Client DLL:10.0.19041.2788 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation KERNELBASE.dll:Windows NT BASE API Client DLL:10.0.19041.2788 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation NLAapi.dll:Network Location Awareness 2:10.0.19041.2913 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation NSI.dll:NSI User-mode interface DLL:10.0.19041.610 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation NTASN1.dll:Microsoft ASN.1 API:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation Ole32.dll:Microsoft OLE for Windows:10.0.19041.1320 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation OleAut32.dll:OLEAUT32.DLL:10.0.19041.985 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation PSAPI.DLL:Process Status Helper:10.0.19041.546 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation Pdh.dll:Windows Performance Data Helper DLL:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation RPCRT4.dll:Remote Procedure Call Runtime:10.0.19041.2788 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation SHCORE.dll:SHCORE:10.0.19041.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft 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API:10.0.19041.2913 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation gdi32full.dll:GDI Client DLL:10.0.19041.2913 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation java.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft javaw.exe:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft jemalloc.dll jimage.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft jli.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft jna6980242557315669390.dll:JNA native library:6.1.2:Java(TM) Native Access (JNA) jsvml.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft jvm.dll:OpenJDK 64-Bit server VM:17.0.3.0:Microsoft kernel.appcore.dll:AppModel API Host:10.0.19041.546 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation lwjgl.dll management.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft management\_ext.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft msvcp140.dll:Microsoft® C Runtime Library:14.29.30139.0 built by: vcwrkspc:Microsoft Corporation msvcp\_win.dll:Microsoft® C Runtime Library:10.0.19041.789 (WinBuild.160101.0800):Microsoft Corporation 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Corporation zip.dll:OpenJDK Platform binary:17.0.3.0:Microsoft
Stacktrace:
at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.method\_44604([Main.java:205](https://Main.java:205)) at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.main([Main.java:51](https://Main.java:51)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.game.minecraft.MinecraftGameProvider.launch([MinecraftGameProvider.java:468](https://MinecraftGameProvider.java:468)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.Knot.launch([Knot.java:74](https://Knot.java:74)) at net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClient.main([KnotClient.java:23](https://KnotClient.java:23))
-- System Details --
Details:
Minecraft Version: 1.19.2 Minecraft Version ID: 1.19.2 Operating System: Windows 10 (amd64) version 10.0 Java Version: 17.0.3, Microsoft Java VM Version: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (mixed mode), Microsoft Memory: 487741464 bytes (465 MiB) / 1262485504 bytes (1204 MiB) up to 4294967296 bytes (4096 MiB) CPUs: 12 Processor Vendor: AuthenticAMD Processor Name: AMD Ryzen 5 5600G with Radeon Graphics Identifier: AuthenticAMD Family 25 Model 80 Stepping 0 Microarchitecture: Zen 3 Frequency (GHz): 3.89 Number of physical packages: 1 Number of physical CPUs: 6 Number of logical CPUs: 12 Graphics card #0 name: AMD Radeon(TM) Graphics Graphics card #0 vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (0x1002) Graphics card #0 VRAM (MB): 512.00 Graphics card #0 deviceId: 0x1638 Graphics card #0 versionInfo: DriverVersion=31.0.12002.92 Memory slot #0 capacity (MB): 8192.00 Memory slot #0 clockSpeed (GHz): 3.20 Memory slot #0 type: DDR4 Memory slot #1 capacity (MB): 8192.00 Memory slot #1 clockSpeed (GHz): 3.20 Memory slot #1 type: DDR4 Virtual memory max (MB): 25961.11 Virtual memory used (MB): 14686.12 Swap memory total (MB): 10240.00 Swap memory used (MB): 627.92 JVM Flags: 4 total; -XX:HeapDumpPath=MojangTricksIntelDriversForPerformance\_javaw.exe\_minecraft.exe.heapdump -Xss1M -Xmx4096m -Xms256m Fabric Mods: ae2: Applied Energistics 2 12.9.5 noindium: No Indium? 1.1.0+1.19 team\_reborn\_energy: Energy 2.0.0-beta1 appleskin: AppleSkin 2.4.1+mc1.19 architectury: Architectury 6.5.85 bclib: BCLib 2.1.6 bookshelf: Bookshelf 16.3.20 botanypots: BotanyPots 9.0.33 camerautils: Camera Utils 1.19.2-1.0.3 carryon: Carry On [2.0.5.11](https://2.0.5.11) com\_github\_llamalad7\_mixinextras: MixinExtras 0.1.1 cloth-config: Cloth Config v8 8.2.88 cloth-basic-math: cloth-basic-math 0.6.1 colorfulazaleas: Colorful Azaleas 2.3.1 controlling: Controlling For Fabric 10.0+7 create: Create 0.5.0.i-1017+1.19.2 com\_google\_code\_findbugs\_jsr305: jsr305 3.0.2 flywheel: Flywheel 0.6.8.a-4 milk: Milk Lib 1.0.51
dripstone_fluid_lib: Dripstone Fluid Lib 2.0.1
porting\_lib: Porting Lib 2.1.954+1.19.2
forge_tags: Porting Lib Tags 3.0
mm: Manningham Mills 2.3
porting_lib_accessors: Porting Lib Accessors 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_attributes: Porting Lib Attributes 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_base: Porting Lib Base 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_common: Porting Lib Common 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_constants: Porting Lib Constants 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_entity: Porting Lib Entity 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_extensions: Porting Lib Extensions 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_fake_players: Porting Lib Fake Players 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_lazy_registration: Porting Lib Lazy Register 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_loot: Porting Lib Loot 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_model_generators: Porting Lib Model Generators 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_model_loader: Porting Lib Model Loader 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_models: Porting Lib Models 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_networking: Porting Lib Networking 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_obj_loader: Porting Lib Obj Loader 2.1.954+1.19.2
porting_lib_transfer: Porting Lib Transfer 2.1.954+1.19.2
serialization_hooks: Serialization Hooks 0.3.26
reach-entity-attributes: Reach Entity Attributes 2.3.0 registrate-fabric: Registrate for Fabric 1.1.57-MC1.19.2 creategoggles: Create Goggles [0.5.4.2](https://0.5.4.2) disable\_custom\_worlds\_advice: Disable Custom Worlds Advice 3.0 easymagic: Easy Magic 4.3.3 elytraslot: Elytra Slot 6.1.1+1.19.2 expandedstorage: Expanded Storage 8.3.3 fabric-api: Fabric API 0.76.0+1.19.2 fabric-api-base: Fabric API Base 0.4.15+8f4e8eb390 fabric-api-lookup-api-v1: Fabric API Lookup API (v1) 1.6.14+93d8cb8290 fabric-biome-api-v1: Fabric Biome API (v1) 9.1.1+16f1e31390 fabric-block-api-v1: Fabric Block API (v1) 1.0.2+e415d50e90 fabric-blockrenderlayer-v1: Fabric BlockRenderLayer Registration (v1) 1.1.25+cafc6e8e90 fabric-client-tags-api-v1: Fabric Client Tags 1.0.5+b35fea8390 fabric-command-api-v1: Fabric Command API (v1) 1.2.16+f71b366f90 fabric-command-api-v2: Fabric Command API (v2) 2.2.1+413cbbc790 fabric-commands-v0: Fabric Commands (v0) 0.2.33+df3654b390 fabric-containers-v0: Fabric Containers (v0) 0.1.41+df3654b390 fabric-content-registries-v0: Fabric Content Registries (v0) 3.5.2+7c6cd14d90 fabric-convention-tags-v1: Fabric Convention Tags 1.3.0+4bc6e26290 fabric-crash-report-info-v1: Fabric Crash Report Info (v1) 0.2.8+aeb40ebe90 fabric-data-generation-api-v1: Fabric Data Generation API (v1) 5.3.8+413cbbc790 fabric-dimensions-v1: Fabric Dimensions API (v1) 2.1.35+0d0f210290 fabric-entity-events-v1: Fabric Entity Events (v1) 1.5.4+9244241690 fabric-events-interaction-v0: Fabric Events Interaction (v0) 0.4.34+562bff6e90 fabric-events-lifecycle-v0: Fabric Events Lifecycle (v0) 0.2.36+df3654b390 fabric-game-rule-api-v1: Fabric Game Rule API (v1) 1.0.24+b6b6abb490 fabric-item-api-v1: Fabric Item API (v1) 1.6.6+b7d1888890 fabric-item-groups-v0: Fabric Item Groups (v0) 0.3.39+9244241690 fabric-key-binding-api-v1: Fabric Key Binding API (v1) 1.0.25+5c4fce2890 fabric-keybindings-v0: Fabric Key Bindings (v0) 0.2.23+df3654b390 fabric-lifecycle-events-v1: Fabric Lifecycle Events (v1) 2.2.4+1b46dc7890 fabric-loot-api-v2: Fabric Loot API (v2) 1.1.13+83a8659290 fabric-loot-tables-v1: Fabric Loot Tables (v1) 1.1.16+9e7660c690 fabric-message-api-v1: Fabric Message API (v1) 5.0.7+93d8cb8290 fabric-mining-level-api-v1: Fabric Mining Level API (v1) 2.1.24+33fbc73890 fabric-models-v0: Fabric Models (v0) 0.3.21+c6af733c90 fabric-networking-api-v1: Fabric Networking API (v1) 1.2.11+10eb22f490 fabric-networking-v0: Fabric Networking (v0) 0.3.28+df3654b390 fabric-object-builder-api-v1: Fabric Object Builder API (v1) 4.2.2+d8ef690890 fabric-particles-v1: Fabric Particles (v1) 1.0.14+4d0d570390 fabric-recipe-api-v1: Fabric Recipe API (v1) 1.0.1+413cbbc790 fabric-registry-sync-v0: Fabric Registry Sync (v0) 0.9.32+9244241690 fabric-renderer-api-v1: Fabric Renderer API (v1) 1.2.1+1adbf27790 fabric-renderer-indigo: Fabric Renderer - Indigo 0.8.0+1adbf27790 fabric-renderer-registries-v1: Fabric Renderer Registries (v1) 3.2.24+df3654b390 fabric-rendering-data-attachment-v1: Fabric Rendering Data Attachment (v1) 0.3.19+6e0787e690 fabric-rendering-fluids-v1: Fabric Rendering Fluids (v1) 3.0.11+4d0d570390 fabric-rendering-v0: Fabric Rendering (v0) 1.1.27+df3654b390 fabric-rendering-v1: Fabric Rendering (v1) 1.12.1+d8ef690890 fabric-resource-conditions-api-v1: Fabric Resource Conditions API (v1) 2.1.2+aae9039d90 fabric-resource-loader-v0: Fabric Resource Loader (v0) 0.8.4+edbdcddb90 fabric-screen-api-v1: Fabric Screen API (v1) 1.0.32+4d0d570390 fabric-screen-handler-api-v1: Fabric Screen Handler API (v1) 1.3.7+1cc24b1b90 fabric-sound-api-v1: Fabric Sound API (v1) 1.0.2+c4f28df590 fabric-textures-v0: Fabric Textures (v0) 1.0.24+aeb40ebe90 fabric-transfer-api-v1: Fabric Transfer API (v1) 2.1.6+413cbbc790 fabric-transitive-access-wideners-v1: Fabric Transitive Access Wideners (v1) 1.3.3+08b73de490 fabric-language-kotlin: Fabric Language Kotlin 1.9.4+kotlin.1.8.21 org\_jetbrains\_kotlin\_kotlin-reflect: kotlin-reflect 1.8.21 org\_jetbrains\_kotlin\_kotlin-stdlib: kotlin-stdlib 1.8.21 org\_jetbrains\_kotlin\_kotlin-stdlib-jdk7: kotlin-stdlib-jdk7 1.8.21 org\_jetbrains\_kotlin\_kotlin-stdlib-jdk8: kotlin-stdlib-jdk8 1.8.21 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_atomicfu-jvm: atomicfu-jvm 0.20.2 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-coroutines-core-jvm: kotlinx-coroutines-core-jvm 1.6.4 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-coroutines-jdk8: kotlinx-coroutines-jdk8 1.6.4 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-datetime-jvm: kotlinx-datetime-jvm 0.4.0 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-serialization-cbor-jvm: kotlinx-serialization-cbor-jvm 1.5.0 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-serialization-core-jvm: kotlinx-serialization-core-jvm 1.5.0 org\_jetbrains\_kotlinx\_kotlinx-serialization-json-jvm: kotlinx-serialization-json-jvm 1.5.0 fabricenchantments: Fabric Enchantments 0.9.0 fabricloader: Fabric Loader 0.14.21 farmersdelight: Farmer's Delight 1.19.2-1.3.9 forgeconfigapiport: Forge Config API Port 4.2.11 com\_electronwill\_night-config\_core: core 3.6.5 com\_electronwill\_night-config\_toml: toml 3.6.5 ftbbackups2: FTB Backups 2 1.0.18 fwaystones: Fabric Waystones 3.0.7+mc1.19.2 goblintraders: Goblin Traders 1.5.2 handcrafted: Handcrafted 2.0.6 inmis: Inmis 2.7.1-1.19 omega-config: OmegaConfig 1.2.3-1.18.1 inventorysorter: Inventory Sorter 1.8.10-1.19 kyrptconfig: Kyrpt Config 1.4.14-1.19 itemcollectors: Item Collectors 1.1.7 jade: Jade 8.7.3 jamlib: JamLib 0.6.0+1.19 java: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 17 jei: Just Enough Items 11.6.0.1015 lithium: Lithium 0.11.1 minecraft: Minecraft 1.19.2 modmenu: Mod Menu 4.1.2 moonlight: Moonlight 1.19.2-2.2.34 mousetweaks: Mouse Tweaks 2.22 naturescompass: Nature's Compass 1.19.2-2.1.0-fabric owo: oωo 0.8.5+1.19 blue\_endless\_jankson: jankson 1.2.1 paxi: Paxi 1.19.2-Fabric-3.0.1 polylib: PolyLib 1900.0.2-build.73 puzzleslib: Puzzles Lib 4.4.0 cardinal-components-base: Cardinal Components API (base) 5.0.2 cardinal-components-block: Cardinal Components API (blocks) 5.0.2 cardinal-components-chunk: Cardinal Components API (chunks) 5.0.2 cardinal-components-entity: Cardinal Components API (entities) 5.0.2 cardinal-components-world: Cardinal Components API (worlds) 5.0.2 resourcefullib: Resourceful Lib 1.1.24 rightclickharvest: Right Click Harvest 3.2.0+1.19.x sliceanddice: Create Slice & Dice 2.1.4 smoothboot: Smooth Boot 1.19-1.7.1 smoothswapping: Smooth Swapping 0.6 status-effect-bars: Status Effect Bars 1.0.1 supermartijn642configlib: SuperMartijn642's Config Lib 1.1.6 supermartijn642corelib: SuperMartijn642's Core Lib 1.1.9-d supplementaries: Supplementaries 1.19.2-2.3.15 telekinesis: Telekinesis Enchantment 1.1.0 thonkutil: ThonkUtil 2.15.4+1.19 thonkutil-base: ThonkUtil Base 1.13.2+4a8c408a57 thonkutil-capes-v1: ThonkUtil Capes (v1) 1.4.2+3eb2749857 thonkutil-coords-v1: ThonkUtil Coords (v1) 1.1.2+8ff533c957 thonkutil-customization-v1: ThonkUtil Customization (v1) 1.1.2+8ff533c957 thonkutil-legacy: ThonkUtil Legacy 1.1.2+5d4263f557 thonkutil-modchecker-v1: ThonkUtil ModChecker (v1) 1.1.3+bd4b387957 thonkutil-potions-v0: ThonkUtil Potions (v0) 1.5.2+8ff533c957 thonkutil-titlescreen-v1: ThonkUtil TitleScreen (v1) 1.2.2+8ff533c957 thonkutil-trades-v1: ThonkUtil Trades (v1) 1.2.2+8ff533c957 toms\_storage: Tom's Simple Storage Mod 1.5.6 tooltipfix: ToolTip Fix 1.1.1-1.19 trinkets: Trinkets 3.4.2 ultreonlib-fabric: ultreonlib-fabric 1.0.0 com\_ultreon\_ubo-data: ubo-data 1.0.0+3 ultreonlib: Ultreon Modding Library 1.2.0 yungsapi: YUNG's API 1.19.2-Fabric-3.8.9 org\_javassist\_javassist: javassist 3.28.0-GA org\_reflections\_reflections: reflections 0.10.2 Flywheel Backend: Uninitialized Launched Version: fabric-loader-0.14.21-1.19.2 Backend library: LWJGL version 3.3.1 SNAPSHOT Backend API: Unknown Window size: GL Caps: Using framebuffer using OpenGL 3.2 GL debug messages: Using VBOs: Yes Is Modded: Definitely; Client brand changed to 'fabric' Type: Client (map\_client.txt) CPU:
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2023.06.03 18:40 Derextreme [H] Cheap games [W] Steam trading cards. Asking price in amount of cards listed for each game
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2023.06.03 15:25 misledmadman Final Cut Pro storage
2023.06.03 14:35 Orphan-Prince What if Finn & Kol survived (TVD) part 1
| Considering on the thread suggesting these What If ideas, Kol’s got the most upvotes, while more comments requested Finn, so, I decided to mix the two together, having both Finn and Kol survive their altercations with the Mystic Falls Gang (as they should have). Rather than leaping straight into TO, we’ll start with the changes to TVD with Finn alive and the difference with Kol’s altercation with Elena & Jeremy. TVD Finn and Sage enjoy a nice date at the Grille, Sage convinces Finn to choose life and promises to teach him to enjoy life as a vampire, Finn smiles and nods, Matt delivers their shots and Sage asks if Finn has ever had tequila, he chuckles and shakes his head, citing that he hasn’t drunken it before. He takes his shot, licks the salt from his wrist and sucks on the lime, asking Sage if she’s happy and expresses his awe for the evolution of mankind. Finn expresses disgust when he finds out that Sage turned Troy, stating that he turned her because he loved her, Sage chuckles and says that she’s in enemy territory, claiming that she did so for precaution and expresses her distrust in Klaus and Rebekah. As she says this she grabs Matt’s wrist and asks for more shots. She tells Finn that passion overcoming morals is considered living life, Finn gives a small laugh and nods, willing to learn from Sage, they give a cheers to “living life”. When they get their drinks from their waitress they find out it was laced in vervain, they spot Stefan leaving and smirking at them, in anger they follow him out. Stefan goes to stake Finn, Sage quickly springs into action and grabs Stefan’s wrist, she snaps it and tosses him to the side without effort. Stefan drops the stake and it falls down the stairs, Finn looks from Stefan to Sage as she shouts at him to get the stake, Finn nods and as he goes to get it Stefan attempts to rush at Finn, but Sage grabs Stefan by his throat and lifts him off of his feet, glaring daggers at him. Finn rushes down the stairs after the stake, getting to the bottom in less than a second, as he makes it to the bottom of the steps the door swings open just as he grabs the stake, Elena points the crossbow at him. https://preview.redd.it/g2ritwpx9s3b1.png?width=500&format=png&auto=webp&s=13a793461f4f6a2629986dfc27f7e9579c74923b “Do you expect to scare me with that crude little toy?” The Original asks in a bored tone. Elena doesn’t answer and shoots the crossbow, though, Finn easily catches the stake and tosses it to the side, giving an irritated look towards Elena, Matt goes to rush at Finn to stab him with the White Oak stake that he held, though, Finn easily grabs Matt’s hand and breaks his wrist, causing Matt to drop the stake, Finn kicks him in the chest, sending him flying back and against the brick wall, he groans as Elena shoots a panicked look at Stefan, she grabs onto the stake and goes to stab Finn with it, though, before she can Finn backhands Elena, knocking her to the floor, she keeps a firm grip on the stake and tries to stab him in the leg, Finn takes a step back. As he does, Matt jumps on his back, trying to hold him for Elena to stab him, Elena catches her bearings, though just as she goes to stab Finn, the Original flings Matt off of his back and onto the floor, as Elena raises the stake over her head to stab Finn, he slaps her hand aside and backhands her to the floor, knocking her out, the stake sliding across the floor when she was knocked down. Finn turns his attention to Matt as he goes for the stake. Finn steps on Matt’s hand right before he can grab onto the stake, the sounds of bones snapping and joints popping being heard, the jock looks up at the Original with wide eyes, a fearful look on his face. Finn smirks and looks towards Stefan as Sage drops him, Stefan falling to his hands and knees. “Are we done? My mercy only extends so far, stop now and I shall let you live.” Finn says as he stares at Stefan. “Yield, and Sage nor I will take action against any of you for this attempt on my life.” The Original offers. “Try it again, and we’ll kill all of you.” Sage adds as she glares down at Stefan, the young vampire gulps and nods, accepting their offer, he cautiously walks down the stairs, holding his hands up the entire time until he reaches Elena, he scoops the unconscious doppelgänger into his arms and glances down at Matt, Finn gives a pressing look and stares at Stefan. He releases Matt, grabs the other stake and stuffs both into his jacket before he walks towards Stefan, threatening that he will not be so merciful next time, he walks towards Sage, leaving Stefan and Matt to contemplate their defeat and breathe a sigh of relief that Finn spared their life. Finn pauses at the top of the steps and glances down at Stefan. “My siblings will not be as lenient as me, I would not suggest trying to kill them, if you value your lives that is.” Finn says before he and Sage leaves. Sage and Finn wait until he is delinked from his siblings, Finn expresses how little he can wait to leave the city that was the birthplace of all his pain and sorrow. Klaus sarcastically tells Finn how much he will miss his dear older brother, Finn snorts and tells Klaus to use his hollow charms elsewhere, putting his foot down on leaving. Klaus merely shrugs and wishes Finn luck, telling him he has much to catch up on in a joking tone, though, there is some sincerity in his words. https://preview.redd.it/4qng7psfds3b1.png?width=1710&format=png&auto=webp&s=5ba5c3d10b4e1d9e225b18a4e3d6e08c5ee12b63 Finn stares at Klaus, clenching his teeth. “Don’t act like you care now, brother. You left me there, in that coffin for 900 years….. cold and alone, trapped endlessly in that black horizon.” Finn says before walking out with Sage. Klaus is visibly confused by Finn’s statement, not understanding what he meant by the “black horizon”. It was meant to be a slumber, Klaus found himself saying in his mind. You can see him trying to piece it together, that he wanted to ask Finn more. He knew that he could drag Finn back and force him to tell him more, but he ultimately decided to let Finn leave. He had little use for him now, and having Finn around would kill all the fun, or at least that’s what Klaus was telling himself. Sage asks Finn what he meant as they walk to her car, but Finn tells her he’d rather not talk about it, that he hadn’t meant to say so much. Soon after Esther is killed by Alaric, Rebekah calls Finn to tell him the news, he asks her why she is telling him this, but she merely responds with “I thought you should know. If you want, you can come and say your goodbyes.” Finn sighs and looks to Sage, telling her what happened, and mentioning that he wants to go back to Mystic Falls, that he wants to see the body for himself. Initially, Sage tries to talk Finn out of it, but he is adamant so she acquiesces and gets the keys to her car. The duo departed quickly after packing the basic necessities. Upon getting in the car, Finn asks why they can’t just run there, that they are much faster than the vehicle and can get to that “dreadful city” in minutes. Sage responds that cars are useful and have their perks, such as holding their things. Mentioning that she will go to Mystic Falls with him, but that they are driving there. Once the couple arrived in Mystic Falls, they were quickly stopped by Rebekah standing in the road. Sage swore under her breath as she slammed her foot on the brake, swerving slightly as to avoid hitting Rebekah. She knew that being hit by her car wouldn’t hurt Rebekah, it would certainly damage her car. The car barely missed Rebekah, nearly hitting the sidewalk, but Sage managed to stop it. Sage swiftly left the car, followed by Finn, ready to give Rebekah a piece of her mind. But she paused as she saw what seemed to be a flicker of fear in her eyes. Finn seemed to have noticed as well as he gently pushed past Sage, standing in front of her, staring at his sister. “What is it?” Finn asked, turning his head ever so slightly, taking a few steps forward. “Finn, we need to get Klaus and leave.” Rebekah said softly, confusing Finn and Sage both. “I refuse, first, tell me what’s going on.” Finn demanded. Rebekah gulped, explaining what happened at the school and what happened with Alaric, calling him “too strong”. Finn looked confused, pointing out that Alaric should be dead, Rebekah corrected him, causing Sage to pipe up, asking just how strong. “As strong as us, maybe stronger. That’s not what scares me the most, brother. I stabbed him with White Oak.” “And?” Sage pushed. “If you stabbed him with White Oak, he should be dead.” “That’s the problem! He was immune!” Rebekah argued, shocking both Finn and Sage. “So, you're saying, we’re dealing with a vampire with the power of an Original that is immune to White Oak?” Finn asked, trying to make sure he was hearing what he thought he was. Rebekah meekly nodded. Finn glanced at Sage before looking back to Rebekah with a sigh. “Then mother truly plans on killing us all even after death.” “So, she didn’t tell you?” Rebekah asked, Finn shook his head. “I only knew of the linking and my sacrifice. I knew nothing of this.” Finn steps forward. “Get Niklaus, we’re leaving.” Finn said in a serious tone, Rebekah asking them to come with her, Sage asking if Alaric has a daylight ring, something that Rebekah confirms he does not. Sage, with a sigh tells Rebekah to get into the car, which she does, the three driving to the manor house that Klaus was in, the three entering together, going to Klaus. Rebekah, of course, stood in the front. The conversation with Klaus remains mostly the same, Rebekah explains to him the situation, explains Alaric and how White Oak couldn’t kill him, that he was too strong, Klaus showing annoyance, but acquiesced, stating that they will leave, but he needs to collect Elena first, claiming that he’s making an army to protect them. Rebekah argues that they’ll protect each other. To this, Klaus looks at Finn, asking if they would truly protect each other in a backhanded tone. Finn takes a step forward. “You have never once given me reason to wish to protect either of you.” Finn said coldly, he looked at Rebekah. “I’m willing to defend her, she came to me for help. But I will not stay and help you with your greed.” Klaus steps towards Finn, getting in his face, but Finn doesn’t back down, he glares at Klaus. Rebekah gets between them, frustratingly saying that now is not the time for family squabbles. Klaus tells them that he is not leaving with Elena. Finn and Rebekah both look at each other. “We’re leaving now. You could either walk out that door with us or you are on your own.” Rebekah warned, causing Klaus to look at them, seeing that Finn is willing to defend Rebekah, but is quick to dismiss him. Rebekah shakes her head at Klaus’s silence, telling him to trust his hybrids over his family. Finn shakes his head at Klaus one last time before leaving with Rebekah, Sage following close behind, choosing to remain silent during the exchange, knowing that whilst Finn and Rebekah would be able to hold their own for some time and may even be able to win if they worked together, she would instantly be killed. Later that night when Rebekah gets a call that seemingly came from Damon, she goes to Finn, requesting his help in moving Klaus’s body, Finn at first is confused but Rebekah explains that Bonnie must have done the heart stopping spell on Klaus, Finn nods apathetically, mentioning that Klaus earned some time in the box. She asks him again, stating that she had no intention of feeding Klaus blood, just moving him somewhere safe while Alaric is still alive. https://preview.redd.it/zjzj6rpfks3b1.png?width=429&format=png&auto=webp&s=96c1ef0f1267701b181c7267297f15e3ac4b3f47 After some convincing, Finn agrees to go with her. Telling her that when they get Klaus, they’re leaving. Finn offers to allow Rebekah to leave with him and Sage, elaborating that he wouldn’t want to see her murdered despite their strained relationship, explaining that he now sees the joy of living. Rebekah tells him she’ll think about it and they set off, leaving Sage behind. Finn implores Sage to leave if she does not hear from him in two hours. As the duo enter the storage Rebekah begins calling for Damon as Finn trailed behind her, gazing around curiously, this being his first time in such a place. So many places to store things, his mind wandered to how many things must be there. Getting tired of waiting Finn sighs. “Let us just tear this place apart and find him.” Finn said in an annoyed tone. He swiftly looked over as Rebekah was grabbed and dragged to the side, spotting Damon holding her. The much younger vampire motioned for him to follow, which Finn does. Damon tells the two where Klaus’ body is and asks for their help in moving him. As the siblings and Damon attempt to move the coffin containing Klaus to the truck, Finn and Rebekah on either side and Damon at the back, Alaric suddenly appears in front of them, catching the trio off guard. Alaric grabs Rebekah, flinging her into the side of the car, the force of the impact sending him flying back stunning her. Damon dashes at Alaric only to get kicked back. Finn looked conflicted for only a moment before his eyes narrowed. https://preview.redd.it/3vtasj3lks3b1.png?width=1920&format=png&auto=webp&s=a63ceedda6e4e099fc357e2df5c4525a99906a59 (Considering Finn fought for Elijah in TO while they were on less than good terms, I’m certain that he’d do the same for Klaus here.) The eldest brother rushed Alaric, grabbing him by his jacket and threw him back, standing in front of the coffin for a mere moment and quickly following on the assault before Alaric could fully recover, being the first Original to have an actual fight against Alaric. Alaric jumps up, hitting Finn, stunning him and sending him stumbling back, Finn follows with another hit, sending Alaric back, he follows through with three more punches and a kick, Finn goes for another strike, but his wrist is grabbed and snapped, he is flung to the side but lands on his hands and knees, quickly gathering himself. Alaric moves to Klaus, but Finn intercepts, tackling Alaric, sending them both tumbling to the ground Finn places his hands on Alaric’s face, attempting to break his neck as Alaric holds onto Finn’s wrists, the two struggling for a few seconds before Alaric wins, pushing Finn off. Rebekah attempts to rush in, to help Finn as Alaric kicks him in the side, sending him flying. Finn shouts at Rebekah and Damon to get Klaus into the car as he rises, he and Alaric have a brief fight, it’s clear that Alaric is more powerful than Finn but not by an absurd amount, showing difficulty in fighting him. The eldest Mikaelson brother mainly sidestepping and parrying and throwing a few blows here and there, trying to avoid being hit as much as possible, just as Rebekah and Damon puts Klaus in the back of the truck, Rebekah announces it, telling Finn to hurry, Finn turns his head to make sure, this small distraction allows Alaric to snap Finn’s neck and toss him to the side, the Original slowly looking towards Rebekah and Damon. https://preview.redd.it/l4eax2wvks3b1.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=187aa1098dacaa02434da02a8ad74fd6d4f4a0bc Alaric rushes Rebekah, grabbing her by the back of her jacket, flinging her back, she lands next to Finn as Alaric boots Damon. Alaric quickly drags the coffin out and opens it, Klaus staring up at him as Rebekah gets to her feet. She goes to rush at Alaric, but is too late, the hunter stabs Klaus in the heart before tearing the stake out and slamming the coffin shut, Damon leaps in front of Rebekah before holding onto the distraught Original. Alaric sighs and fully turns to Rebekah, pointing the stake at her. “Next.” He said coldly. Damon pushes Rebekah back, urging her to run. Without hesitation, Rebekah rushes to Finn, grabbing onto her unconscious brother and rushing off as fast as she could. Damon rushes at Alaric in a bid to buy Rebekah some time to escape with Finn but is instantly shoved to the side before Alaric himself rushes after the siblings. When Finn wakes he is leaned against Rebekah, the blonde holding him up. His vision is blurry but quickly recovers, he sees Elijah and rubs his head, moving away from the teary eyed Rebekah. He asks what happened as Elijah gives a concerned look. Tears fell from Rebekah’s eyes as she spoke. “He’s gone, there was nothing I could do to stop it. Finn, Finn tried but… Alaric defeated him… He… Nik’s gone.” Finn sighs as Rebekah speaks, turning to the side he looks down, despite his hatred, Finn couldn’t help but feel a bit of sorrow for Klaus’s death, though was nowhere near as distraught as Rebekah and Elijah. He looked over as Rebekah and Elijah embraced, Finn glanced around as Rebekah and Elijah spoke, speaking of Klaus’s bloodline. “It won’t take long, he’ll be behind us.” Finn looked over to his siblings. “We need to leave. Niklaus is dead, we’ll be next, the longer we remain, the longer we are in danger.” Elijah and Rebekah look at him, as if they just remembered he was there. “We need to flee. I’m going to, I recommend you do the same. He is no stronger than Niklaus, but without a way to kill him fighting him is futile.” https://preview.redd.it/3gr5n5byns3b1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=ca3992033f99efde386fe88bd9115136293128d3 Finn doesn’t wait for either sibling to answer him and speeds off, going back to where he stayed with Sage. Finn doesn’t explain much to Sage other than “we need to leave”, the duo getting into the car and leaving Mystic Falls in quick order while Rebekah runs Elena and Matt off the road. *** The initial conversation between Kol and Elena remains the same, Elena denouncing her search for Silas if it means putting everyone she loves in danger. Kol saying he’ll consider her request before going on his way, realizing that Elena was planning something, he returns, saying that their request was denied. Elena slams the door in his face and he kicks it down. As Kol searches the downstairs of the home, he calls Klaus, alerting him to what was happening and threatening to chop off Jeremy’s arm, kill Elena, then hunt him, hanging up he looks up, spotting Elena with a crossbow. He glares at her as she shoots and effortlessly catches the bolt before it touches his leg. Looking up, he spots Elena missing. Throwing the bolt down he goes upstairs. Kol listens carefully, listening for any noise and smirks when he hears the moving of a dresser. In a mere moment he appears at the door opening it and placing his hand on it as Elena tries to slam the dresser against it. Try as she might, Kol’s hand never moved, he never struggles against her strength. With one swift push of his hand, Kol slams the door open, knocking the wooden dresser and Elena back, causing her to fall to the floor. As he steps inside, Elena speeds off, locking each door behind her. Kol follows, kicking down the door in front of him before punching through the door to the room Jeremy and Elena were in. Jeremy shoots at him, Kol catching the stake. “Missed.” Jeremy shoots again, and Kol catches the second stake. “Missed again!” Elena shoots at Kol, hitting him in the chest a few times, screaming at Jeremy to run before he flings one of the stakes at her, hitting her shoulder, causing her to fall to the floor, tearing it out. Kol ignores Elena, choosing to chase after Jeremy, swiftly intercepting him, hitting him in the face just hard enough to daze him before shoving him down the stairs. He goes to follow, but Elena jumps on his back, prompting him to fling her and turn around to grab her by the throat, shoving her into the wall. He tears out one of the wooden pillars under the stair rail and stabs a struggling Elena into the wall. He leans in and smirks as she gasps. “Be a good girl and wait here, I'm not going to kill you, Elena. Death would be too easy for you, you'll have to live with the consequences of trying to awaken Silas." He smirks and twists the makeshift stake. https://preview.redd.it/1q65571n9s3b1.png?width=600&format=png&auto=webp&s=d99b9c0b2527b66ad41a47e71ca3c825acba0365 He turns away from Elena and smirks as he goes to Jeremy, hopping down the stairs and dragging him down. He ties him to the table and muses about how he’ll heal Jeremy right up and apologizes for the sting. He raises the cleaver over his head and goes to slam it down onto Jeremy’s arm before he is jumped by Elena, she pushes the cleaver down, causing Kol to inadvertently cut Jeremy’s right arm free. With a sigh of frustration, Kol grabs Elena by the throat and rams the cleaver into her shoulder before kicking her in the gut, sending her flying back, turning around, he backhands Jeremy to the floor, kicking him in the gut several times, stopping only when Elena jumps on his back, wrapping her arms around his throat and legs around his waist. Kol tries to fling her off of him, but she manages to hold on, With a growl he backs up against a wall, slamming Elena against it until her grip loosens, when it does he flings her over his shoulder, knocking the breath out of her. He snaps his head over as he hears his brother's voice, shouting at Jeremy to invite him in. With hesitation and a nod, Jeremy invites Klaus in. Kol turns his full focus to Klaus as Elena and Jeremy get out of the way, watching as Klaus steps inside. https://preview.redd.it/2iww4navos3b1.png?width=500&format=png&auto=webp&s=9424fe62340a2320d8a310ed908a5bf577836a97 “You should have just behaved yourself.” Klaus said in a mocking tone before rushing Kol as fast as he could, fast enough to where Elena couldn’t even see him until he had Kol pressed against the counter, holding him by his jacket. “But now I’ll have to punish you, put you back in a box!” Kol glared at Klaus as he slapped his hands away, grabbing Klaus by his jacket and tossing him back, causing him to land hard on the ground and slide back, Klaus catching a glimpse of the White Oak stake in his inside jacket pocket. Kol goes to follow up on his assault, but the moment he got to Klaus, his brother was already on his feet and uppercutted Kol hard enough to send him flying back, slamming through the table with a groan, breaking it in half and splintering the wood, as Klaus rushed back at Kol, in an attempt to lift him and continue his attack, Kol lifted his foot in time, kicking Klaus back, giving himself enough time to get to his feet. Kol sped towards Klaus, grabbing him by his jacket, he lifted him, punched him in the gut and headbutted him. Though, his hands were quickly slapped away and Klaus kicked him in the chest, sending him flying back. Klaus quickly followed, grabbing Kol by his coat and flinging him to the side, causing him to land against the couch, knocking it over. Elena gasping and grabbing onto Jeremy, scurrying away. Klaus follows as Kol gets up, the hybrid goes to punch him, though Kol parries, Klaus follows up with another punch and Kol blocks, taking the opportunity to grab Klaus’s arm and fling him into the wall, knocking him through it and to the feet of the Gilberts. Klaus growls as he rises to his feet, his eyes turning yellow, veins bulging and growing underneath them, Kol rushing towards him. He goes to punch Klaus, his eyes returning to normal, the hybrid dodges, hitting Kol in the stomach before hitting him in the chest open palmed, knocking Kol back slightly, while Kol is stunned, Klaus uses every ounce of his speed to get to Kol taking the stake from his jacket pocket. Kol recovers and instantly slaps it out of Klaus’s hand as his brother is distracted, the stake clattering to the floor, landing in front of Jeremy who quickly takes it, hiding it in the back of his pants. Kol follows this up with a few punches to the face and chest, all connecting, though Klaus quickly turns the tables, hitting Kol in the face, sending him stumbling back. He follows his assault, kicking Kol in the chest, Kol goes to punch Klaus, but his hand is knocked to the side and Klaus grabs him by his throat, pushing him against a wall, Klaus swiftly pulls the dagger from his jacket pocket and goes to stab Kol, but his younger brother manages to grab his wrist with one hand and place his hand onto Klaus’s chest with the other, doing his best to keep Klaus at bay. Kol manages to begin pushing Klaus back, but Klaus keeps his grip on the dagger, continuously trying to push it forward. Eventually, Klaus places his left hand over his right, pushing the dagger with more effort, forcing Kol to apply more effort, Klaus inching the dagger closer and closer, yet, at times Kol manages to push it back slightly. It’s clear that Klaus has the advantage in strength as Kol visibly struggles to keep it at bay. Elena, spotting the struggle, glances towards the table Kol crashed through and spots a broken table leg. She swiftly speeds towards it, picking it up before speeding back to Klaus and Kol. While the Original was distracted, Elena jammed the makeshift stake into his side, causing Kol to yell out in pain, turning to face Elena. Causing him to falter just enough for Klaus to take advantage and push the dagger into his heart. Kol lets out a shout of pain, looking at Klaus, his lip twitching in anger, his eyes narrowed as he begins turning grey, his grip weakens on Klaus’ wrist and chest until he falls limp and his arms fall to his side. “You poor fool.” Klaus softly says as Kol falls against him, gently sliding down, his head against Klaus’s chest, Klaus holding him up from his underarms. Neither Elena nor Klaus notice Jeremy inching closer with the White Oak stake. Klaus notices at the last moment when Jeremy went to stake Kol, he manages to push Kol to the side, saving his brothers life, taking the hit instead, Jeremy ramming the stake into Klaus’s lower gut, causing him shout in pain and shove Jeremy hard enough to send him flying, taking the stake out he held it to the side. https://preview.redd.it/wk3mmj9tps3b1.png?width=391&format=png&auto=webp&s=65a5191488a9d71ed18fd742f4a1b0646d1d3921 The rest of the scene goes on mostly like in canon, Klaus angrily speaking to the duo, pointing out that Kol never would have gotten inside had they not set a trap for him. Though, it differs when Klaus threatens to kill them, instead of threatening to burn the house down and kill them when they flee, he instead threatens to rip them apart and leave pieces of them artfully arranged around Mystic Falls. When Bonnie attacks, she uses her magic to first knock the stake out of Klaus’s hand before crippling him, making him scream in pain. It goes as it does in canon, Klaus chasing them around before being locked in the living room, Kol laying on his side in the kitchen. Jeremy takes the stake and goes to kill Kol, but is stopped by Elena when Klaus begins screaming threats, the trio leaving the home and the rest going as it did in canon. TO Season 1 Rebekah brings Hayley through the secret passages of the plantation until they reach three coffins, two of which are covered in dust while one is clean, she keeps her gaze on that one, asking if Klaus killed Elijah, Rebekah calls Hayley a “silly girl” and explains that when they inevitably disappoint Klaus, he daggers them. She nods towards a coffin and opens it, showing Kol’s body with the silver dagger in his chest. Hayley asks what Kol did and Rebekah explains it as she stared down at his body. “He was daggered quite recently, in fact. See, we found a cure to vampirism, and he found out that getting it risks awakening a being named Silas. Kol knew who Silas was where the rest of us did not. He grew paranoid, tried to stop us. Klaus daggered him when he tried to destroy the map. Turns out, he was right, Silas was more powerful than we could have imagined.” “So, if that coffin is yours.” Hayley points at a dusty coffin. “And that one, Kol’s. Who does he put in the third coffin?” “That one belongs to my brother Finn. Luckily for him, Klaus allowed him freedom. However long that may last. For now, he’s somewhere in Europe with his lover Sage. I always hated that bitch.” Rebekah lets out a sigh as she turns to the werewolf, closing the coffin, leaving the room with Hayley, the latter looking back at the coffin. https://preview.redd.it/4co2g34cqs3b1.png?width=950&format=png&auto=webp&s=3926d65d4a079f25cceb976285cf5b135f38c278 Later that day, Hayley returns to the room that Rebekah showed her, searching for and collecting the daggers, figuring out that they were under Rebekah’s coffin. She glances over to the coffin that held Kol, pondering until she finally walks over, opening it, she stared down at him, tucking the other daggers into her pants she grabbed onto the hilt of the dagger in Kol’s chest, breathing in she yanks it out and stares at him, figuring that removing the dagger would awaken him, not expecting how dangerous Kol truly is, believing him to be a safe guard like Elijah and Rebekah. Figuring that waking him up would annoy Klaus, she wanted to do something against Klaus after him choking her, and stealing his daggers and awakening the only remaining sibling that she could reach sounded like a good idea at the time. With a sigh, she leaves the room, meeting Rebekah on the front porch, she sits next to her, thanking her for what she did in the house. Rebekah smiles and tells her that “us girls have to stick together”. Hayley smiles and pulls the daggers out, showing them to Rebekah. Her eyes widen as she counted them, realizing that they were all there. All she could reply with was. “Kol…” Klaus sat in his room with a cup of bourbon in his hand, he faced one of his paintings, contemplating the baby. He sighed as he heard someone enter the room, believing it to be Rebekah, he spoke. “I’ve already told you, if you don’t like my plan, you know where the door is. Marcel has Elijah, that won’t change until my plan is through.” “Gave Elijah to Marcellus, huh?” Klaus immediately stood once he heard the voice, snapping around, he faced Kol. “You must be desperate, brother.” Kol commented as he walked forward, he cocked his head at the wide eyed expression. “I take it you weren’t the one who woke me?” Kol asked, turning to the side, pouring himself a glass of bourbon. “How long has it been this time? 50 years? A century?” “Kol…” Klaus uttered before gaining his composure. Kol smirked as he turned to face his brother. “Now, what is this diabolical plan of yours?” He asked, curious as to why Klaus was moving against Marcel, despite his anger at the moment, Kol couldn’t pass up on the chance to mess with or even harm Marcel without being shoved back in a box. https://preview.redd.it/jy7ptbmzqs3b1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=0ce1aa7f3e05a75770c5bdf95ca757dce990f1e0 Klaus speaks up, explaining his plan to Kol, telling him what he told Hayley and Rebekah. Unlike Rebekah, Klaus knows that Kol has some serious bad blood with Marcel, knowing that he’d have a much easier time convincing him to help sabotage Marcel despite what he did, convinced that having him help with Marcel would distract Kol from his anger with him. Klaus smirks as he walks towards his brother, placing his hand on Kol’s shoulder. “Now, brother. Will you help me?” Kol pauses, rubbing his face. “A baby?” Kol asked, turning away from Klaus. “Loophole in nature if you believe the French Quarter Coven.” Klaus said in a dismissive tone. “You're the one obsessed with magic, what do you think?” He asked, genuinely interested in what Kol had to say. “It’s certainly possible.” Kol muttered. “Half werewolf, half vampire. I hadn’t thought about it until now. Conceiving a child could theoretically be possible, although incredibly unlikely.” He said, thinking deeply. “I’m still rather cross with you.” Kol said, turning back to Klaus, pointing at him. “I will find a way to get you back-” “Enough with the threats.” Klaus said with a chuckle. “Lest you end up back in a box.” Kol gritted his teeth, crossing his arms and glared at Klaus. “Now, if you truly want to help me.” He paused at the door, glancing back at Kol. “Behave yourself for now. Two Originals in town is bad enough, but three? Marcel’s men are going to get antsy, too antsy.” “Let them.” Kol scoffed, crossing his arms. “They’re right to fear us. They’d be fools not to be.” “Don’t cause too much chaos, not until I’m ready.” Klaus warned, Kol mockingly putting his hands up. “Your role is to cozy up with the witches, learn as much from them as you can. I want you to focus on Sophie Deveraux. Use your charms to get close to her.” Klaus said before leaving the room. Kol gives a simple smirk as Klaus leaves, indicating that he has plans of his own. He doesn’t stick around for long, he instead instantly heads to where he recalls the French Quarter witches to reside. He had entered to see it mostly empty, which was odd. Typically at this hour someone was there, someone was often always there last he recalled. Then he heard it, a voice. He swiftly moved to where it originated, getting there in less than a second, spotting a witch. She snapped her head over upon hearing the “wooshing” sound that often accompanied vampiric speed. https://preview.redd.it/b1p78jagrs3b1.png?width=500&format=png&auto=webp&s=14ffe200c9e0b7967385f82a4a7eb4a6129c604c “Another vampire, great.” Sophie muttered. "I'm not using magic, okay." “A witch.” Kol said with a smirk, she paused as she stared at him. “I’m Kol.” He introduced himself, gaining a shocked expression from her. She had already met three Originals, the fear mostly wore off, though she still understood the dangers of an Original Vampire and knew that it was right and natural to fear them. It’d be stupid not to fear them at least a bit. This man was one of the most powerful creatures on the planet. “Another Original.” Sophie said as she turned to face him. “I’m Sophie.” She said, causing Kol to walk over, glancing at the tomb, reading the name. “Deveraux? Ah, yes. I remember. Your ancestors over a century ago were quite powerful.” Kol commented, glancing back at Sophie. “I presume you're powerful yourself.” “Yes.” Sophie nodded visibly tense. “Relax, darling.” Kol gave a dismissive hand wave. “I’ve come as a friend. I’ve always been a friend to the witches here. In fact, that’s why I was daggered a century ago. For helping the witches. I recall quite a few Deveraux witches helping me. A shame that we lost.” “Why are you telling me this?” Sophie asked, curious and cautious. “I’ve heard that Marcellus has taken over, it’s odd that the witches haven’t risen up yet, in my time, witches were a force to be reckoned with, they participated in a war against my brother with me at their side. Yet, now it seems they cower in fear of newborn vampires led by a toddler. They fought with me against an Original a century ago, yet they now fear a toddler? How odd, unless Marcellus has something up his sleeve.” “How can I trust you?” Sophie asked, glancing over at Monique’s grave, Kol following her gaze. He paused. “Because I’ve helped witches time and again. I hold them in high regard, learn from them, teach them. I’m offering my help and unlike Klaus won’t betray you the moment the other side looks brighter.” Kol explained before gazing at the grave again. “How did she die?” He said. “The Harvest.” “Why hasn’t she awakened?” Kol asked, looking at Sophie. “The entire purpose hinges on the young witches awakening more powerful than ever.” Sophie sighed and explained everything, telling him about what happened at the Harvest, Marcel’s rise and oppression of the witches, how he enoforces it and how he killed her sister and countless others for using magic, Kol listening intently, cupping his chin and turning his back on Sophie. “Tell you what. If you help me. I’ll help you. With both Marcellus and the Harvest. I have a score to settle with Marcellus and Klaus myself.” Kol turned his face to Sophie. “The Harvest should work, if it hasn’t, then that means the spell’s been hijacked. I can help reverse it and give the power to whom it belongs, awakening the deceased. If I can find who took the power from the spell and take it back, I can potentially awaken all the young witches who lost their lives. Including Monique. You’d be doing the magic of course. But I’ll walk you through it.” Kol held his hand out to Sophie. “To do this you must cooperate with me. Do that, I can save this Monique and teach you magic of the likes you’ve never seen. If you can, get as many witches to align with us as you can.” Sophie nodded, taking Kol’s hand. “Tell me what I need to do.” https://preview.redd.it/wqg908b8ss3b1.png?width=470&format=png&auto=webp&s=fe38eac5769f5f888481508bb25650a10a8048ae submitted by Orphan-Prince to TheOriginals [link] [comments] |
2023.06.03 14:09 DishevelledDeccas The Poverty of Christian Voluntarism
(Pun intended)
*** Effort Post ***
Whenever the topic of socialism or welfare comes up in Christian circles, the notion of Christian voluntarism is quick to follow. What is this Christian voluntarism? It is the idea that national welfare should be based on voluntary charity by the church, not the state. This idea seems to have influence in George Bush’s Compassionate Conservatism, and also to a lesser degree in David Cameron’s Big Society.
Two defenses of the concept are in “The Tragedy of American Compassion” by Marvin Olasky, and “Christian Charity vs Government Welfare” by Thomas Johnson
[1]. In truth, elements of the idea itself has subtlety become accepted by a very many Christians, and is present in general Christian apologetics on economics (see bibliography). It must be noted that the proponents of the idea rarely embrace the term Christian Voluntarism
[2], which seems to be rather a function of how generally accepted and non-sequitur the idea seems to be.
The theology behind Christian Voluntarism Sadly, many of the texts linked do not have a strong theological basis; they are largely historical defenses for the idea (See Olasky 2008 and Johnson 1970). Thus, a strongman of their theology must rely on those aforementioned Christian apologetic sources rather substantially (see bibliography). Also, thanks to
u/Laojac who provided a strongman
here.
Christian voluntarism is fundamentally reliant on the charity practiced by the early Christian Church. We know that people in the church shared their property with each other and cared for each other; Acts 2:44-45, Acts 4:32-37. We know they were commanded to care for their families, alongside the poor, and that there were fundraising efforts to send money over to people in need in the church (1 Tim 5:3,8, Galatians 2:10, Hebrews 13:2-3, 2 Corinthians 8-9). Christian Voluntarism takes this model for charity and attempts to nationalize it is a welfare system, for charity. It uses a few methods to support this.
First, it argues that bible tells us that giving should be voluntary. 2 Corinthians 8-9, and especially 2 Corinthians 9:7, exhort voluntary charity, not done under compulsion. Ergo, the state should not require taxation to fund welfare. Whilst the online tracts do not go much further than this, there is an interesting way that this can be extrapolated further. The particular significance of this verse, interestingly enough, is it is one of the key verses to refute the requirement of tithing. Tithing existed under the wholistic economic system of the old testament that did have many rather radical economic policies; the sabbatical year and the year of jubilee, etc. So to call in this verse against the requirement of taxation does provide a rather big challenge; this new idea of caring in the new testament is not a system of governance, like in the old testament, with taxes and regulations. It is a system guided by the holy spirit, whereby people voluntarily care for those around them. The requirement for people to care for families in 1 timothy 5 would definitely fall into this.
Second, it fundamentally ties welfare to work. To quote 2 Thessalonians 3:10 - “those who do not work shall not eat”. This can be taken in the more obvious sense of “there is no such thing as a free lunch” – people need to work to provide for a living, but for the Christian voluntarists, it is taken as a command of a mutual obligation – those who do not try to work shall not get welfare. (Olasky 2008, p 9-10). Unsurprisingly, this is where ideas of “deserving” and “undeserving poor” come from worthy (Olasky 2008, p 11-12). This also forms what welfare should look like – Welfare has a purpose to help people make a living for themselves (Olasky 2008, p 25, 29). But specifically, in practice it also means that those who don’t want to work should be excluded from welfare (Olasky 2008, p 12, 29, 228). Christian voluntarist tracts argue further that welfare itself is corrupting in that it enables backwardness and degeneracy to exist, encouraging laziness and the breakdown of families (for example, Olasky 2008, p xi -xvii, 222).
Third, supporting this is the argument that Biblical notions of property are explicitly in favor of
Liberal private property. This is the belief that the owner of property, can do whatever they want with their property. This starts with an appeal to Exodus 20:15,17 as examples of OT Justifications for private property. It points to the various points in the bible that recognize private ownership. To reference a few; Genesis 4:4, Micah 4:4, Acts 5:4. A very notable verse is Mathew 20:15; “Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money?” – taking this statement at face value would suggest Jesus is very much in favour of
liberal private property rights. The whole conclusion of this that people have the right to do with their property what they want. The most immediate implication is the government cannot seize property - This is used against the threat of state socialism.
The Problems with this theology Of course, we need to recognize that the Bible doesn’t tell Christians to take over the state and implement a welfare state. The fact is that the bible doesn’t prescribe a structure for economic justice in the broader national community. But similarly, this means the bible doesn’t prescribe the Church as being the welfare system of the broader national community. There is a legitimate question about how to pursuing economic justice in light of biblical commands and examples, and the description of the New Testament church (Acts 2:42-47, Acts 4:34-35) exists to show us what economic justice should look like in Christian communities specifically. However, it is a significant stretch to argue that this decentralised system of churches providing welfare is what the bible prescribes as the only legitimate national welfare system.
NT Christian communities were not set up to be a welfare system for the Roman state. They were examples of model Christian communities that we can look to guide us in holy living. They did exist as an alternate perception of economic justice to Old Testament Israel’s state-embedded system, certainly. However, this alternative state was for a few reasons; First Old Testament Israel was a sacrificial system, one that was no longer needed after Christ’s death and resurrection (Heb 10:1-18). Second, Old Testament Israel was a theocratic state, that would make a people for God who would be outwardly different from all around them (Deut 28:9-10). However, Christ did not come to establish a kingdom of this world (John 18:36), instead a people who would follow him due to their changed heart (John 18:36, John 3:5-8). The nullification of the theocratic state of Israel was not a rejection of the state’s interference in economic policy. Rather, it was a recognition that the theocratic state had fulfilled its soteriological and eschatological purpose.
With this context out of the way, we can refute the specific justifications of the voluntarists; The first, 2 Corinthians 9:7, which tells us that giving should be voluntary, not under compulsion, was in a specific letter given to a specific community responding to a crisis at the time. To transform it into a condemnation of state taxation for welfare is a substantial stretch. Paul made clear that it was also a test; he would not command this church to give charity but wanted to know the sincerity of their love, by comparing how much they gave compared to other churches (2 Corinthians 8:8-9).
He was not laying down a law about the state. Nothing in the passage suggests that the state cannot provide welfare. Nothing in the passage suggests that the state cannot demand taxation. Indeed, bible does not reject compulsion in terms of taxation as Christians are exhorted to pay their taxes (Mark 12:13-17; Rom 13:6-7). Contextually, the Christian Voluntarist must also grapple with the absence of a condemnation of the grain dole of Rome, both within this passage and within the broader New Testament. Now, one could argue that if the state gets involved in welfare then the sincerity of Christian love has failed – but that is a very different argument, an argument that needs to grapple with both the fallen nature of humanity, and the social implications of democracy. Nevertheless, the passage at hand does not refute state taxation or state provision of welfare.
Moving to the second justification – that, welfare should be tied to work. This specific passage, 2 Thessalonians 3:10, occurs within a context where there are believers who are “idle and disruptive” (v 6, 11) and who are “not busy; they are busybodies”. They are commanded to settle down and eat (v 12). To use this passage to encourage Christians to work is good. It is not the purpose of the passage to be used for a model of how a welfare state works. Unlike 2 Cor 9:7, which is deliberately misused by Christians to deny welfare to others – this passage can be used to form a welfare state system. Like Acts 4:32 for the Socialists, and 1 Corinthians 14:12-26 for the Corporatists, 2 Thessalonians 3:10 seems quite able to be derived to justify a political policy. However, to declare that 2 Thessalonians 3:10 necessitates a policy program on welfare is misguided – it was a teaching for a particular church at a particular time. The practical considerations of this particular section will get further treatment further on.
The final argument that the bible prescribes liberal private property. This argument has lies that it conceals in truths. Fundamentally, the bible does recognize property rights. It recognizes that we can own property and have liberty in using that property. However, the bible also recognizes two other things; First, that we are not the absolute owners of that property. God is the absolute owner of everything, not humanity (1 Cor 10:26; Psalm 24:1; Deut 10:14). The second is that any property we have, we steward for God; we are not allowed to use property for whatever purpose we deem fit. The OT system has a variety of restrictions on how we can use property, much of which existed for economic justice. There were prohibitions on taking interest (Leviticus 26:36-37); Gleaning laws that mean restricted the amount of produce farmers could get from their own harvest, requiring they leave some to the poor (Lev 19:9-10; Deut 24:19-21). Furthermore, there are the radical redistribution policies with the Sabbatical year and year of jubilee (Leviticus 25:1-7, 8-55). The commandment to not steal was situated within these verses about responsibilities, something noted by Both Catholics and Reformed Christians (See the Catholic Catechism, Westminster Larger Catechism and Heidelberg Catechism). The New Testament similar has a variety of commands about how to use property; (Luke 6:30, 1 John 3:17, 1 Tim 5:8, 6:17-18).
There is one verse that falls outside of the above explanation; Mathew 20:15 – “Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money?”. The context of the verse is that Jesus is teaching a parable. In the parable, the vineyard owner pays all his workers the same amount, no matter what they work. Parables have single purposes – the purpose of this parable is that it doesn’t matter however late you sign up to the gospel, you will still be saved. It is not a parable with prescriptions on wage payments. It is not a parable with prescriptions on private property.
Fundamentally, there is no biblical prescription against the state establishment of a welfare state. This, in itself, does not disqualify Christian voluntarism as an idea; rather it means that advocating Christian voluntarism requires making a different argument – that the Christian voluntarist form of welfare is the best form of welfare.
The Economics of a Christian Voluntarist welfare state Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s seminal work “The Three Worlds of welfare Capitalism”, divides welfare states into three ideal types; “Liberal”, “Conservative” and “Social Democratic”. Of these, Christian Voluntarism is closest to the “Liberal” ideal type which is found in the US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. A liberal welfare state is one that aims to encourage the pursuit of employment, and so the state will provide as little as possible (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 42). Means testing and mutual obligation is often used to minimize the states ways to welfare provision. Those who cannot rely on government support must rely on charity (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 26-27).
Christian Voluntarism is essentially a Christian defense for the “Liberal” welfare state. However it does far more, because in practice it would mean the undermining of the liberal welfare state. The Christian voluntarist would tear down the last vestiges of a state led system so that people instead rely on Charity. They would attempt to further liberalize an already liberal system. The practical implications of this are that even a state led system that incorporates the principles of the “deserving and undeserving” poor, alongside the mutual obligations of “those who don’t work don’t eat”, are too much for the Christian Voluntarist.
This system fails both quantitatively and qualitatively. It fails quantitatively because a welfare state based on charity cannot support the entire population. Welfare encompasses old age, unemployment, workplace injuries, permanent disabilities and more. The amount of money needed to organise such a welfare system is unachievable by charities (Green 2017). Reviews of “The Tragedy of American compassion” point out that the historical charitable system championed did not provide welfare for all – it was very geographically dependent (Hammack, 1996, p 261-262).
This system also fails qualitatively. One would think that a Christian voluntarist would see that charity and welfare are symptoms of economic greater problems, and addressing those greater problems would reduce the burdens on charity.
[3] But Christian Voluntarists don’t address the issues which lead people to need charity. Unaffordable healthcare and involuntary unemployment are two clear examples of structural economic problems; the former due to the various oligopolies that exist throughout the healthcare system, which is unsurprising given it is a market with high start-up costs, and the latter often due a deficiency in demand. The solutions to these factors require substantial economic reform by means of regulation and government spending, which is antithetical to the Christian Voluntarist ideal. Christian voluntarists are not advocating for these solutions to reduce the burden on charities.
Two further addendums need to be added to this analysis. The first is that there are flaws with regards to the policy derivatives of 2 Thessalonians 3:10. The idea of an undeserving poor has lead to many problems – for example this group has historically included beggars and criminals (Schmalz 2017). The definition of who is undeserving will inevitably both include and exclude people who may need help. Olasky, for example, includes Alcoholics and Drug Addicts as part of his ‘undeserving poor’ (p. 227-228), when, in truth, these groups could quite easily be seen as the most needing of support – albeit in a more compressive form then mere cash handout. The principle of mutual obligations behind this need to be thought through. Interestingly enough, the gleaning system in the OT seems to be a system that follows this idea; welfare is there, but people have to work to get it. This principles behind this are also evident in a full employment policy in the modern era. However, today’s governments generally prefer of “mutual obligations” for welfare, or forms of workfare instead. In the context where workers outnumber jobs these programs essentially act as punitive “full employment policy”.
The second is the Christian voluntarist claim that any welfare system should be orientated towards public morality alongside economic justice. This is a fair claim, and frankly welfare systems must be cautiously constructed with consideration of economic justice, and also the moral fabric of society. Here the example of the ideal type of the Conservative welfare state (historically found in found in Germany, Belgium and Austria), can be drawn upon. This welfare state, for example, is constructed with the family in mind (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 27). It also relies largely on decentralised system of welfare provision that incorporate religious providers (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 27). Even with the focus on the moral fabric of society, other factors must also come into play; The conservative welfare state benefits married couples over singles; what does this mean for the economic situation of single mothers? Such a welfare system needs to counterbalance the social fabric of society with it’s economic needs.
To Conclude Theologically, the claims of Christian Voluntarism do not stand up; there is not set biblical principle about the state’s involvement in welfare provision. Economically, the Christian Voluntarists fail to appreciate the quantitative size of charitable provision needed to match the welfare state, nor do they deal with the structural issues facing the economy.
Fundamentally, I am not a Christian Socialist. I do not believe that the descriptions of Christian communities in Acts can be described as socialist – I may write another piece like this later on. I’m not coming from a liberal, modernist or progressive Christian perspective. Rather I’m annoyed that Conservative Christians have accepted the claims of liberal economies and tried to make a more liberalized welfare system based on a misguided claim about following the Bible.
[1] The specific defense provided by Johnson is explicitly voluntarist, in that it draws on voluntarism as a philosophy. It is also Pelagian and so should be rejected; “Any Christian who does not openly and vehemently denounce all forms of government welfare, cannot, in truth, call himself a Christian, for government welfare is the antithesis of Christian charity.” - this is clearly heresy.
[2] Indeed, the term only seems to appear in online Christian Forums. However, Academics do describe this idea as voluntarist, and it is a Christian defense of Voluntarism, so terming the idea “Christian Voluntarism” is apt.
[3] This was the approach of the founder of the St Vincent De Paul society, Frederic Ozanam. He was an economics lecturer and argued that charity was insufficient to change the situation – what was needed was a change to the relationship between workers and capital (Moody 1953, p 129).
Bibliography General: Green, E., 2017. The Voluntarism Fantasy, Democracy A Journal of Ideas, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/32/the-voluntarism-fantasy/ Konczal, M., 2014. Can Religious Charities Take the Place of the Welfare State?, The Atlantic, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/budget-religion/520605/ Schmalz, M., 2017. Taxing the rich to help the poor? Here’s what the Bible says, The conversation, viewed 3 June 3, 2023
https://theconversation.com/taxing-the-rich-to-help-the-poor-heres-what-the-bible-says-88627 Zeiger, H., 2014. The voluntarism fantasy?, Philanthropy Daily, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.philanthropydaily.com/the-voluntarism-fantasy/ Christian Voluntarism & Compassionate Conservatism: Olasky, M N, 2008, The Tragedy of American Compassion, Crossway Books,
https://archive.org/details/tragedyofamerica0000olas/mode/2up - Olasky provides a specifically Christian Argument.
Johnson, T L, 1970 May 9, “Christian Charity vs Government Welfare”, Human Events,
Accessible:
https://fee.org/articles/christian-charity-vs-government-welfare/,
https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/christian-charity-government-welfare/ - Johnson also provides a specifically Christian Argument.
Weed D, 1977, The Compassionate Touch, Carol Stream,
https://archive.org/details/compassionatetou00wead/mode/2up - Weed provides a secular argument.
Argumentative Sources Esping-Andersen, GJ, 1990,
The Three Worlds of welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press.
Hammack, DC, 1996, ‘The Tragedy of American Compassion’,
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.
Kuyper, A, 2021,
On Business and Economics, Lexham Press.
Lee, F.N 1988, Biblical Private Property Versus Socialistic Common Property, EN Tech.J. 3, pp. 16-22,
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j03_1/j03_1_016-022.pdf Moody, J, 1953,
Church and society : Catholic social and political thought and movements, Arts Inc
Christian Apologetics on Economics Got Questions, 2022, What is Christian Socialism?, Got Questions, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.gotquestions.org/Christian-socialism.html Groothuis D, 2021, CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIALISM: WHAT SHOULD A CHRISTIAN BELIEVE?, Focus on the Family, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.focusonthefamily.com/church/christianity-and-socialism/ Jeremiah D, 2022, What does the Bible say About Socialism, DavidJeremiah.Blog, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://davidjeremiah.blog/what-does-the-bible-say-about-socialism/#:~:text=While%20the%20Bible%20encourages%20generosity,according%20to%20His%20sovereign%20will.
Miller C, 2013a, 2 corinthians 8, communism as an economic system, A little Perspective, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.alittleperspective.com/2-corinthians-8-communism-as-an-economic-system-2/ Miller C, 2013b, 2 2 corinthians 9, giving cheerfully (communism, part two), A little Perspective, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.alittleperspective.com/2-corinthians-9-giving-cheerfully-communism-part-two/ Piper, J., 2015. How Should Christians Think About Socialism, Desiring God, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/how-should-christians-think-about-socialism Understanding 2012, 2nd Corinthians 8: Charity or Socialism? (Love or Compulsion?), Understanding, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://cutpaste.typepad.com/understanding/2012/08/2nd-corinthians-8-charity-or-socialism-love-or-compulsion.html Hughes G, 2018, Was Jesus a Socialist, When we Understand the Text, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://wwutt.com/was-jesus-a-socialist/ TOW Project, 2011, Sharing the Wealth (2 Corinthians 8:13-15), viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.theologyofwork.org/new-testament/2-corinthians/sharing-the-wealth-2-corinthians-813-15 submitted by
DishevelledDeccas to
Christianity [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 12:15 notsurenow00 AITA - Landlord in a difficult position (long)
Hey everyone, throwaway here. This is a long one - there’s a tldr at the bottom.
When I was a child, my father inherited a property (small 3 bed) in Dublin from his brother. For the past 20 years, there has been a tenant in the property - one woman & her son who is now 20. I sadly lost my father 3 years ago after a short and painful illness. It’s been a very traumatic time, not least due to the fact that we also lost our mother to cancer when we were kids. I have siblings and between us we shared in nursing our father and caring for him during his illness. During this time, my father explained to me that he would be leaving the property in Dublin to me to do with whatever I feel fit. He died, and I inherited the property.
Fast forward to January this year. I decided that next year I would like to move into the property with my partner, renovate it, and settle down. We’re both 30 and renting, and with the housing crisis coupled with the cost of living hikes making life planning a difficult reality for any young couple living in Ireland, this opportunity is obviously a saving grace for us. So I respectfully and delicately approached the tenant and sat down with her to explain that I would be issuing her an eviction notice, that I would give her a year to vacate her home, and that I would support her in any way I can helping her find somewhere new to live. She was sad, but said that she understood and that my father had already prepared her for this eventuality. She submitted the eviction notice to the RTB and to HAP, and she is to move out next January.
The tenant is on the HAP scheme and she is waiting to be housed by Dublin City Council. She’s been on the waiting list for 14 years and since receiving her eviction notice she has been placed on a priority list. She has not looked after the property well, her son causes a lot of damage to the doors and walls and they don’t maintain the garden - letting it grow over with weeds and thorn bushes despite me having it properly landscaped and providing a lawnmower. I have checked in with her a couple of times since issuing the notice to see where she is at with her housing application and whether she has had any updates from the council on her position as a priority candidate to be housed. Both times she responded that she has had no updates but that she will be happy to move to any property that I move her to. I of course do not have any other properties. Until now, I have been renting my whole life. She seems to think that I am going to house her, despite me clarifying more than once that I am not in a position to do so. So it’s been a frustrating relationship for me to maintain, but I am patient and understand that her circumstances are not ideal.
Last week, the tenant texted to enquire about sourcing her a bed to put into the converted garage that is being used as private storage (the property is on a shared lease because dad had another tenant at one point). 5 more members of her family are moving to Ireland and she wants to accommodate them for the rest of her time at the property. I responded, declining the request, explaining to her that there is an eviction notice in place and I want to ensure that it’s followed through without any difficulty. I explained that 5 extra people in the house would render it overcrowded and therefore uninsured, and that her rent doesn’t cover this amount of people, so her HAP payments may be effected. This is where the trouble begins.
She has since become much more difficult and unpleasant to deal with. She has been rude about my parents, telling me that she wishes they were still around, as if to compare me to them. She got her son to call me to try convince me to fold, that it’s family and I should want to help family. He began insulting me over the phone, telling me I’m useless, that I’m being stubborn and selfish. I remain calm, citing the lease, the insurance and the eviction notice as my reasons for being unable to help her. She continues to harass me, won’t take no for an answer. She wrote a very long message yesterday “begging” me not to ruin her final memories in the home and imploring me to allow her to accommodate her 5 family members as they have nowhere else to go in Ireland and that they need a base as they wait to be homed. She says that she and her whole family will move out in January, that I don’t have to worry about that and that I should find it in my heart to allow her some happy final memories with her family in her home. But I’m worried that if she’s struggling to be housed while it’s just herself and her son, then it will be even more difficult to be housed as a group of 7. I think she shouldn’t move her family to Ireland at this time and that it’s irresponsible of her to put them in this position (I haven’t said that to her, I don’t think it’s my place to).
I am not an experienced landlord, nor had I ever intended on becoming a landlord. This whole situation has been extremely stressful for me as we wait patiently to start our life together in this house. I’ve heard some pretty bad stories about the struggles other landlords have endured in trying to successfully evict tenants, understandably. The RTB have been supportive and helpful in advising me how to handle this but this is new territory for me and it’s really tearing me apart to think that I might put this family at risk of homelessness. But I can’t risk not having a home to move into myself next year.
I’m not sharing this story to incite hate or prompt angry discussion against any demographic subgroups. I understand that as a country we benefit in many ways from having a diverse population and I don’t want to undermine that hard fact. I also understand that I am fortunate in many ways to have inherited a property during a housing crisis. I am interested to hear what people think about this, whether I am doing an okay job at handling it, whether I am perhaps being overly privileged in taking advantage of my position as landlord, whether I am taking enough action to prevent this potentially becoming more complicated. So, AITA?
TLDR: I inherited a house from my Dad 3 years ago. There is a long term tenant in the house with her son. I’ve issued an eviction notice of 12 months. She now wants to move 5 family members into the house as they have nowhere else to go. I’ve said no, she won’t take no for an answer.
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Legend of Keepers: Career of a Dungeon Manager
Oddworld: Abe’s Exoddus
Oddworld: Abe’s Oddysee
Oddworld: Munch’s Oddysee
Oddworld: New 'n’ Tasty with Alf & Abe DLC Packs
Oddworld: Soulstorm Enhanced Edition
Oddworld: Stranger’s Wrath HD
Rain World
Röki
THE GAME OF LIFE
The Ascent
The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard
Trolley Problem, Inc.
Fanatical Mystery Bundles Leftovers
Noitu Love 2: Devolution x 2
OUTBUDDIES DX
Vambrace: Cold Soul
Adventures of Chris
Serial Cleaner
Dark Devotion
Kingdom Rush Frontiers
Everhood
The Town of Light x 2
Crumble
Dead End Job x 2
Valfaris
Garbage x 2
Alchemy Garden
Double Kick Heroes x 2
Nihilumbra
Dub Dash
Stick it to The Man!
SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell
Reventure
Iron Marines
Beasts of Maravilla Island
Weaving Tides
Pixel Heroes: Byte & Magic
White Night
Hidden Shapes - Trick or Cats
tiny & Tall: Gleipnir
Doodle Derby
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
Omen Exitio: Plague
Tesla Force
The Black Heart
Police Stories
From Space
DESOLATE
Just Die Already
Warhammer 40,000: Mechanicus
TIER 0
Back 4 blood eu
Destiny 2 Planet of Peace Exclusive Emblem
Dirt Rally 2.0 + 3 DLC
F1 2012
F1 2019 Anniversary
Grand Theft Auto Vice City
Remnant from the Ashes
Road to Guangdong - Story-Based Indie Road Trip Driving Game
the wolf among us
TIER 1
Absolver
Bloodstained Ritual of the Night
borderlands Game of the year enhanced Edition
Borderlands: The Handsome Collection EU
Darksiders genesis
Doom Eternal
Duke Nukem Manhattan Project
Elex
Endless Space 2 – Deluxe Edition
friday the 13th
Geometry Wars 3 Dimensions Evolved Mystery
Genital Jousting
Grid Autosport
Grid ultimate edition
Golf With Friends
GoNNER BLüEBERRY EDiTION
guild wars 2 heroic edition
guild wars nightfall
Hitman Absolution
House Flipper
Just cause 3 XXL
Kingdom Rush
Kerbal Space Program x 2
Legend Of Grimrock
Lego Marvel 2 Deluxe
Little Dragons Cafe
Mafia III: Definitive Edition
MAIN ASSEMBLY
Maneater
Mordhau
Orn the tiny forest sprite
Outward US x 2
Overcooked 2 + Surf and Turf + Too Many Cooks
pathfinder wrath
PGA TOUR 2k21 x 2
Phantasmagoria
Portal Knights
Pro cycling manager 2019
Project Cars
Project CARS 2 + Japanese Cars Bonus Pack
Risen
Sairento VR
Scum
Second Extinction
Sonic Forces
Spyro Reignited Trilogy x 2
Starbound
Star Trek Bridge Crew
State of Decay 2
streets of rogue
Summer in Mara
Superhot VR
Tales of Zestiria
Team Sonic Racing
Tekken 7
The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion GOTY
The Division + DLC US
Tomb Raider GOTY
Total War: MEDIEVAL II – Definitive Edition
TRINE 2 Complete Story
TRINE 3 The Artifacts of Power
Tracks - The Train Set Game
WARHAMMER 40,000: Gladius- Relics of War
Warhammer 40000 : Mechanicus
Wasteland 2 Directors Cut
Wasteland 3
valkyria chronicles IV Complete
X-com 2
TIER 2
ABZU
Armello x 3
asterix obelix xxl3
Band of Defenders
batman arkham knight
Battle Chasers: Nightwar
Beyond Blue
BioShock Infinite
Book of Demons
CHAOS CODE -NEW SIGN OF CATASTROPHE-
Choice Chamber
Chess Ultra
Cities skylines
civilization IV Complete Edition
Civilization 5
Dead by Daylight
Degrees of Separation
Drake Hollow
Driftland: The Magic Revival x 2
Endless Space 2
Europa Universalis IV
eXperience 112
FEZ
Flying Tigers: Shadows Over China - Deluxe Edition
Forced
From Space
Gamedec
Gato Roboto
Golf With Friends
Gunman Tales
Hotshot Racing
human fall flat
Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth1
Icewind Dale: Enhanced Edition
Just Cause 3
Killing Floor 2
King's Bounty: Crossworlds
King’s Bounty: Warriors of the North - The Complete Edition
Last Oasis
Manhunt
Megadimension Neptunia VII
Men of War: Assault Squad 2 - War Chest Edition
METAL SLUG 3
Metro Last Light Redux
Miscreated
MO:Astray
Morphopolis
Motorcycle Mechanic Simulator 2021
Natural Selection 2
NecroWorm
Neo Cab
NEOVERSE
Not For Broadcast
Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty
Odyssey - The Story of Science
OF MICE AND SAND -REVISED-
One Step From Eden
Opus Magnum
Overcooked
Overgrowth
PATHOLOGIC 2
Pillars Of Eternity
Phoenix Point Year one edition
Planespace Torment Enhanced Edition
Plunge
Quantum League
Quest of Dungeons
Railroad tycoon 3
Rise of Industry
River City Melee Mach
Roarr! The Adventures of Rampage Rex
Sanctuary RPG: Black Edition
Scribblenauts Unmasked
Scythe Digital Edition
Serious Sam 3 BFE
Shadowrun: Dragonfall - Director's Cut
Shing!
Skullgirls
Sinking Island
Slinger VR
SNIPER GHOST WARRIOR CONTRACTS
Sonic All Stars Transformed Collection
Sparkle 2
Sparkle Unleashed
Starbound
Star Wars Galactic Battlegrounds Saga
STAR WARS Jedi Knight - Jedi Academy
STAR WARS™ Jedi Knight II - Jedi Outcast
STAR WARS The Force Unleashed Ultimate Sith Edition
Star Wars Kotor 2
Star Wolves 3: Civil War
stick fight the game
Stronhold Crusader 2
Struggling
Styx Master of Shadows
SUPER TIME FORCE ULTRA
SurrounDead
Surviving Mars x 2
Swords of Gurrah
Tannenberg
THE KING OF FIGHTERS XIII STEAM EDITION
The Technomancer
tilt brush
Titan Quest Anniversary Edition
The Bard’s Tale IV: Director’s Cut
The Beast Inside
The Gardens Between
The Incredible Adventures of Van Hesing
the long dark survival Edition
The Stillness of the Wind
The Swords of Ditto: Mormo’s Curse
The town of light
The walking dead the new frontier
The Wild Eight
Train Valley 2
Trüberbrook
Tropico 5
Tsioque
Unto The End
Valfaris
Voidship: The Long Journey
volcanoids
Wargroove
WARSAW
West of Dead x 2
Wizard Of Legends x 2
Worms Clan Wars
Without Within 3
XCOM: Chimera Squad
Yooka Laylee
Zwei: The Arges Adventure
Zwei: The Ilvard Insurrection
TIER 3
112 Operator
911 Operator
Acorn Assault: Rodent Revolution
Ageless
AI War 2
Alan Wake's American Nightmare
Alien Shooter 2 Conscription
Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs
Amnesia: The Dark Descent
angry video game nerd
Arcana Hearts 3
Armada 2526 Gold Edition
arma X
As Far As The Eye
Ashes of the Singularity: Escalation
Atari Vault
AVEN COLONY
Before we Leave
Belladonna
BLACKHOLE
Blitzkrieg Anthology
Boomerang Fu
Bomber Crew - Deluxe Edition
Boreal Blade
Borealis
Bridge Constructor Playground
Broken Age x 3
Brothers – A Tale of Two Sons
Bunker Punks
Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood
Cally's caves 3
Callys Caves 4
Capitalism 2
Carmageddon Max Damage
Cast of the Seven Godsends
Cepheus Protocol
Chaos Reborn
City Siege: Faction Island
COLT CANYON
Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3?!
Crazy Belts
crazy machines 3
Creeping Terror
Crowntakers
Crying Suns
CTU: Counter Terrorism Unit
Cybarian: The Time Travelling Warrior
Cyber Hook
Dad Quest x 2
Dark Heritage: Guardians of Hope
Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage
Darksiders Warmastered Edition
Dark Strokes The Legend of the Snow Kingdom Collectors Edition
Dear Esther: Landmark Edition
Death to Spies: Moment of Truth
Death Squared
DESOLATE
Detached
Deus Ex: Invisible War
Dimension Drifter
Distrust : Polar Survival
Double Dragon IV
Draw Slasher
Duke Nukem Forever x 2
Dungeons 3
Dungeon Siege II
DV: Rings of Saturn
EarthNight
EarthX
Eliza
Enforcer: Police Crime Action
ENSLAVED™: Odyssey to the West™ Premium Edition
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Etherborn
Etherlords I & II
Evergarden
evoland
F1 2018
Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered
Farming World
Fire
Fort Triumph
Fury Unleashed x 2
Garfield Kart
Gas Guzzlers Extreme
Goat simulator
Golf Gang
God's Trigger
Go Home Dinosaurs
Going Under
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
Grim Legends 2: Song of the Dark Swan
GRIP: Combat Racing
Guilty Gear Sign
Gunscape Standard Edition
Hacknet + DLC
Heaven’s Vault
Heavy Burger
Heroes of Annihilated Empires
Hexologic
Hidden Object Bundle 5 in 1
Hidden Object 6in1 bundle
Hive Jump
Hopiko
HORACE
Hue
Hyperspace Invaders II: Pixel Edition
In Between
Innerspace
INMOST
Inside My Radio
Iris and the Giant
Iron Fisticle
John Wick
Just Die Already
ken follet
Kingdom: Classic
King Oddball
Knights of Pen & Paper 2
Knight's Retreat
Labyronia RPG
Labyronia RPG 2
Laser Disco Defenders
Leisure Suit Larry 7 - Love for Sail
Lemuria Lost in Space
Levelhead
LIBERATED
Little Misfortune
Livelock
Lostwinds
Lovecraft’s Untold Stories
Lust from Beyond: M Edition
Lust for Darkness
Luxor 3
Mages of Mystralia
Magrunner: Dark Pulse
Masquerade: The Baubles of Doom
Medieval Kingdom Wars
Mini Ninjas
MirrorMoon EP
Monaco: What’s Yours Is Mine
Moon Hunters
MotoGP 15
Morkredd
MOUNT & BLADE
MXGP - The Official Motocross Videogame
My Memory of Us
Mystery Loss
Narcos: Rise of the Cartels
Nba Playgrounds
Neon Chrome
Newt One
Nex Machina
Neverending Nightmares
Neverout
Niffelheim
Night Call
Nowhere Prophet
Odallus: The Dark Call
Of Orcs And Men
Offworld Trading Company + Jupiter's Forge Expansion Pack
Omen Exitio: Plague
Orbital Racer
Out of Space
Overload
Overlord II x 2
Pac-Man 256
PAC-MAN™ CHAMPIONSHIP EDITION 2
Paper Fire Rookie
Paperbark
Paradigm
Particula
Pathway
Pawnbarian
Payday 2
Peaky Blinders: Mastermind
Perfect Universe
Pesterquest
Pickers
Pikuniku
Pirate Pop Plus
Pixel Heroes
Pixplode
Planet Alpha
Planet of the Eyes
Police Stories
port royale 3 gold
Post Master
POPUP DUNGEON
Prehistoric Tales
Quantum Conundrum
Radio Commander
Rapture Rejects
Rebel Galaxy
red orchestra 2
Re-Legion
REMOTHERED: BROKEN PORCELAIN
Remnants of Naezith
RESIDENT EVIL HD
Rezrog
Retimed
Ring of Pain
Road Redemption
ROCK OF AGES 3: MAKE & BREAK
Röki
Roombo: First Blood
Rover Mechanic Simulator
RRRR
Rustler
Sakura Agent
Sakura Angels
Sakura Beach
Sakura Beach 2
Sakura Fantasy
Sakura Magical Girls
Sakura Shrine Girls
Sakura Spirit
Samorost 3
Serial Cleaner
Seven enchanted edition
Sigma Theory: Global Cold War
SIMULACRA + SIMULACRA 2
Sins Of The Demon
Shadowrun Hong Kong Extended Edition
Shoppe Keep
Shoppe Keep 2
Smile For Me
SKULLY
Smoke and Sacrifice
Sonic & SEGA All-Stars Racing
Soulblight
Space Pilgrim Academy: Reunion
space run galaxy
Speedrunners
Spellspire
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky
StarCrossed
State of mind
Stealth 2: A Game of Clones
Stealth Bastard Deluxe x 2
Steamburg
Still Life 2
Storm Of Spears
Strider
Stygian: Reign of the Old Ones
Sudden Strike 4
Sundered
Super Hexagon
Supraland
Super Mutant Alien Assault
Super Panda Adventures
Swag and Sorcery
Syberia
Syberia II
Syberia 3
System Shock: Enhanced Edition
Tabletop Playground
Tales from Candlekeep: Tomb of Annihilation
Teleglitch Die More Edition
Telefrag VR
Teslagrad
Testament of Sherlock Holmes
Time Mysteries 3: The Final Enigma
The Amazing American Circus
Tharsis
The Ball
The Deed
The dropping of the dead
The Dwarves
The Hex
The King's Bird
The Last Door: Season 2 - Collector's Edition
The Lost Crown
The Purring Quest
There Came An Echo
The Haunted Island, A Frog Detective Game
The Signal From Tölva
Think of the Children
This War of Mine
ToeJam & Earl Back in the Groove
Tomb Raider IV: The Last Revelation
Tomb Raider V: Chronicles
Tomb Raider Legend
Tomb Raider Underworld
Tooth and Tail
Train Station Renovation
Treasure Hunter Simulator
Tropico 4
Turok 2: Seeds of Evil
Underhero
Unrest
Valnir Rok Survival RPG
Vane
Velocity Ultra Deluxe
Vertiginous Golf
Viking Saga The Cursed Ring
Wanderlust: Travel Stories
Wandersong
warlock 2
war tech fighters
Werewolf: The Apocalypse — Heart of the Forest
Without Within 2
Whispers of a machine
Wings of Vi
Yoku's Island Express
Youropa
Zoo Park
TIER 4
Acceleration of SUGURI 2
Age of Wonders III
Alien Spidy
Almost There: The Platformer
Angvik
A New Beginning – Final Cut
AtmaSphere
Battle vs chees
Circuit Breakers
Corridor Z
CreaVures
Cubicle Quest
Dagon – The Eldritch Box DLC
Dashing Dinos
Death Fungeon
Drawful 2
DungeonUp x 2
Earth 2150 Trilogy
Enclave
Endless Space – Collection
Evergarden
Formula Car Racing
Fluffy Horde
Gorky 17
Guts And Glory
Hacknet Deluxe Edition
Haegemonia: The Solon Heritage
HIVESWAP: Act 1
Holy Potatoes a Spy Story
Homefront
Horizon Shift
Joggernauts
Journey of a Roach
Learn Japanese to survive Hiragana Battle
Left in the Dark: No One on Board
Leisure Suit Larry 5 - Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work
Leisure Suit Larry 6 - Shape Up Or Slip Out
Little Racers STREET
Lock Parsing 2
Love is Dead
Midnight Mysteries 3: Devil on the Mississippi
Memoria
Moss Destruction
NAIRI: Tower of Shirin
NeuroVoider
No Time to Explain Remastered
One Finger Death Punch
OneShift
Out of Reach: Treasure Royale
Pesterquest
Purrfect Date – Visual Novel/Dating Simulator
Raceland
Regions Of Ruin
Regular Human Basketball x 2
Rencounter
Renoir
Return to Mysterious Island
Resort Boss: Golf
Rym 9000
Seraph
Shooting Stars!
Silence
Sky Break
Space Pilgrim Episode III: Delta Pavonis
Space Pilgrim Episode IV: Sol
Spandex Force: Champion Rising
Steel Rats
Super Daryl Deluxe
Sword Legacy Omen
Taxi
The Adventure Pals x 3
The Deed: Dynasty
The Emerald Maiden: Symphony of Dream
The Spiral Scouts
The Uncertain - The Last Quiet Day
Tiny Troopers
ttv2
Twilight City Love as a Cure
Two Worlds: Epic Edition
Tumblestone
Unhack
Unhack 2
Viking Saga The Cursed Ring
White Noise Online
World Keepers Last Resort
Zombie Party x 2
submitted by
marcoxnt93 to
GameTrade [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 11:30 marcoxnt93 [H] Full Killer 26 Bundle and a lot good games [W] Offers
https://www.reddit.com/IGSRep/comments/cg1p8marcoxnt93s\_igs\_rep\_page/ An Elder Scrolls Legend: Battlespire
Banners of Ruin
Biped
CORPSE FACTORY
DUSK ’28: ULTIMATE EDITION
Dead Island Definitive Edition
Dishonored
Eldest Souls
Gedonia
Hero’s Hour
Lamentum (HL 4,70 zł)
Legend of Keepers: Career of a Dungeon Manager
Oddworld: Abe’s Exoddus
Oddworld: Abe’s Oddysee
Oddworld: Munch’s Oddysee
Oddworld: New 'n’ Tasty with Alf & Abe DLC Packs
Oddworld: Soulstorm Enhanced Edition
Oddworld: Stranger’s Wrath HD
Rain World
Röki
THE GAME OF LIFE
The Ascent
The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard
Trolley Problem, Inc.
Fanatical Mystery Bundles Leftovers
Noitu Love 2: Devolution x 2
OUTBUDDIES DX
Vambrace: Cold Soul
Adventures of Chris
Serial Cleaner
Dark Devotion
Kingdom Rush Frontiers
Everhood
The Town of Light x 2
Crumble
Dead End Job x 2
Valfaris
Garbage x 2
Alchemy Garden
Double Kick Heroes x 2
Nihilumbra
Dub Dash
Stick it to The Man!
SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell
Reventure
Iron Marines
Beasts of Maravilla Island
Weaving Tides
Pixel Heroes: Byte & Magic
White Night
Hidden Shapes - Trick or Cats
tiny & Tall: Gleipnir
Doodle Derby
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
Omen Exitio: Plague
Tesla Force
The Black Heart
Police Stories
From Space
DESOLATE
Just Die Already
Warhammer 40,000: Mechanicus
TIER 0
Back 4 blood eu
Destiny 2 Planet of Peace Exclusive Emblem
Dirt Rally 2.0 + 3 DLC
F1 2012
F1 2019 Anniversary
Grand Theft Auto Vice City
Remnant from the Ashes
Road to Guangdong - Story-Based Indie Road Trip Driving Game
Squad
the wolf among us
TIER 1
Absolver
Bloodstained Ritual of the Night
borderlands Game of the year enhanced Edition
Borderlands: The Handsome Collection EU
Darksiders genesis
Doom Eternal
Duke Nukem Manhattan Project
Elex
Endless Space 2 – Deluxe Edition
friday the 13th
Geometry Wars 3 Dimensions Evolved Mystery
Genital Jousting
Grid Autosport
Grid ultimate edition
Golf With Friends
GoNNER BLüEBERRY EDiTION
guild wars 2 heroic edition
guild wars nightfall
Hitman Absolution
House Flipper
Just cause 3 XXL
Kingdom Rush
Kerbal Space Program x 2
Legend Of Grimrock
Lego Marvel 2 Deluxe
Little Dragons Cafe
Mafia III: Definitive Edition
MAIN ASSEMBLY
Maneater
Mordhau
Orn the tiny forest sprite
Outward US x 2
Overcooked 2 + Surf and Turf + Too Many Cooks
pathfinder wrath
PGA TOUR 2k21 x 2
Phantasmagoria
Portal Knights
Pro cycling manager 2019
Project Cars
Project CARS 2 + Japanese Cars Bonus Pack
Risen
Sairento VR
Scum
Second Extinction
Sonic Forces
Spyro Reignited Trilogy x 2
Starbound
Star Trek Bridge Crew
State of Decay 2
streets of rogue
Summer in Mara
Superhot VR
Tales of Zestiria
Team Sonic Racing
Tekken 7
The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion GOTY
The Division + DLC US
Tomb Raider GOTY
Total War: MEDIEVAL II – Definitive Edition
TRINE 2 Complete Story
TRINE 3 The Artifacts of Power
Tracks - The Train Set Game
WARHAMMER 40,000: Gladius- Relics of War
Warhammer 40000 : Mechanicus
Wasteland 2 Directors Cut
Wasteland 3
valkyria chronicles IV Complete
X-com 2
TIER 2
ABZU
Armello x 3
asterix obelix xxl3
Band of Defenders
batman arkham knight
Battle Chasers: Nightwar
Beyond Blue
BioShock Infinite
Book of Demons
CHAOS CODE -NEW SIGN OF CATASTROPHE-
Choice Chamber
Chess Ultra
Cities skylines
civilization IV Complete Edition
Civilization 5
Dead by Daylight
Degrees of Separation
Drake Hollow
Driftland: The Magic Revival x 2
Endless Space 2
Europa Universalis IV
eXperience 112
FEZ
Flying Tigers: Shadows Over China - Deluxe Edition
Forced
From Space
Gamedec
Gato Roboto
Golf With Friends
Gunman Tales
Hotshot Racing
human fall flat
Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth1
Icewind Dale: Enhanced Edition
Just Cause 3
Killing Floor 2
King's Bounty: Crossworlds
King’s Bounty: Warriors of the North - The Complete Edition
Last Oasis
Manhunt
Megadimension Neptunia VII
Men of War: Assault Squad 2 - War Chest Edition
METAL SLUG 3
Metro Last Light Redux
Miscreated
MO:Astray
Morphopolis
Motorcycle Mechanic Simulator 2021
Natural Selection 2
NecroWorm
Neo Cab
NEOVERSE
Not For Broadcast
Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty
Odyssey - The Story of Science
OF MICE AND SAND -REVISED-
One Step From Eden
Opus Magnum
Overcooked
Overgrowth
PATHOLOGIC 2
Pillars Of Eternity
Phoenix Point Year one edition
Planespace Torment Enhanced Edition
Plunge
Quantum League
Quest of Dungeons
Railroad tycoon 3
Rise of Industry
River City Melee Mach
Roarr! The Adventures of Rampage Rex
Sanctuary RPG: Black Edition
Scribblenauts Unmasked
Scythe Digital Edition
Serious Sam 3 BFE
Shadowrun: Dragonfall - Director's Cut
Shing!
Skullgirls
Sinking Island
Slinger VR
SNIPER GHOST WARRIOR CONTRACTS
Sonic All Stars Transformed Collection
Sparkle 2
Sparkle Unleashed
Starbound
Star Wars Galactic Battlegrounds Saga
STAR WARS Jedi Knight - Jedi Academy
STAR WARS™ Jedi Knight II - Jedi Outcast
STAR WARS The Force Unleashed Ultimate Sith Edition
Star Wars Kotor 2
Star Wolves 3: Civil War
stick fight the game
Stronhold Crusader 2
Struggling
Styx Master of Shadows
SUPER TIME FORCE ULTRA
SurrounDead
Surviving Mars x 2
Swords of Gurrah
Tannenberg
THE KING OF FIGHTERS XIII STEAM EDITION
The Technomancer
tilt brush
Titan Quest Anniversary Edition
The Bard’s Tale IV: Director’s Cut
The Beast Inside
The Gardens Between
The Incredible Adventures of Van Hesing
the long dark survival Edition
The Stillness of the Wind
The Swords of Ditto: Mormo’s Curse
The town of light
The walking dead the new frontier
The Wild Eight
Train Valley 2
Trüberbrook
Tropico 5
Tsioque
Unto The End
Valfaris
Voidship: The Long Journey
volcanoids
Wargroove
WARSAW
West of Dead x 2
Wizard Of Legends x 2
Worms Clan Wars
Without Within 3
XCOM: Chimera Squad
Yooka Laylee
Zwei: The Arges Adventure
Zwei: The Ilvard Insurrection
TIER 3
112 Operator
911 Operator
Acorn Assault: Rodent Revolution
Ageless
AI War 2
Alan Wake's American Nightmare
Alien Shooter 2 Conscription
Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs
Amnesia: The Dark Descent
angry video game nerd
Arcana Hearts 3
Armada 2526 Gold Edition
arma X
As Far As The Eye
Ashes of the Singularity: Escalation
Atari Vault
AVEN COLONY
Before we Leave
Belladonna
BLACKHOLE
Blitzkrieg Anthology
Boomerang Fu
Bomber Crew - Deluxe Edition
Boreal Blade
Borealis
Bridge Constructor Playground
Broken Age x 3
Brothers – A Tale of Two Sons
Bunker Punks
Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood
Cally's caves 3
Callys Caves 4
Capitalism 2
Carmageddon Max Damage
Cast of the Seven Godsends
Cepheus Protocol
Chaos Reborn
City Siege: Faction Island
COLT CANYON
Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3?!
Crazy Belts
crazy machines 3
Creeping Terror
Crowntakers
Crying Suns
CTU: Counter Terrorism Unit
Cybarian: The Time Travelling Warrior
Cyber Hook
Dad Quest x 2
Dark Heritage: Guardians of Hope
Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage
Darksiders Warmastered Edition
Dark Strokes The Legend of the Snow Kingdom Collectors Edition
Dear Esther: Landmark Edition
Death to Spies: Moment of Truth
Death Squared
DESOLATE
Detached
Deus Ex: Invisible War
Dimension Drifter
Distrust : Polar Survival
Double Dragon IV
Draw Slasher
Duke Nukem Forever x 2
Dungeons 3
Dungeon Siege II
DV: Rings of Saturn
EarthNight
EarthX
Eliza
Enforcer: Police Crime Action
ENSLAVED™: Odyssey to the West™ Premium Edition
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Etherborn
Etherlords I & II
Evergarden
evoland
F1 2018
Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered
Farming World
Fire
Fort Triumph
Fury Unleashed x 2
Garfield Kart
Gas Guzzlers Extreme
Goat simulator
Golf Gang
God's Trigger
Go Home Dinosaurs
Going Under
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
Grim Legends 2: Song of the Dark Swan
GRIP: Combat Racing
Guilty Gear Sign
Gunscape Standard Edition
Hacknet + DLC
Heaven’s Vault
Heavy Burger
Heroes of Annihilated Empires
Hexologic
Hidden Object Bundle 5 in 1
Hidden Object 6in1 bundle
Hive Jump
Hopiko
HORACE
Hue
Hyperspace Invaders II: Pixel Edition
In Between
Innerspace
INMOST
Inside My Radio
Iris and the Giant
Iron Fisticle
John Wick
Just Die Already
ken follet
Kingdom: Classic
King Oddball
Knights of Pen & Paper 2
Knight's Retreat
Labyronia RPG
Labyronia RPG 2
Laser Disco Defenders
Leisure Suit Larry 7 - Love for Sail
Lemuria Lost in Space
Levelhead
LIBERATED
Little Misfortune
Livelock
Lostwinds
Lovecraft’s Untold Stories
Lust from Beyond: M Edition
Lust for Darkness
Luxor 3
Mages of Mystralia
Magrunner: Dark Pulse
Masquerade: The Baubles of Doom
Medieval Kingdom Wars
Mini Ninjas
MirrorMoon EP
Monaco: What’s Yours Is Mine
Moon Hunters
MotoGP 15
Morkredd
MOUNT & BLADE
MXGP - The Official Motocross Videogame
My Memory of Us
Mystery Loss
Narcos: Rise of the Cartels
Nba Playgrounds
Neon Chrome
Newt One
Nex Machina
Neverending Nightmares
Neverout
Niffelheim
Night Call
Nowhere Prophet
Odallus: The Dark Call
Of Orcs And Men
Offworld Trading Company + Jupiter's Forge Expansion Pack
Omen Exitio: Plague
Orbital Racer
Out of Space
Overload
Overlord II x 2
Pac-Man 256
PAC-MAN™ CHAMPIONSHIP EDITION 2
Paper Fire Rookie
Paperbark
Paradigm
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2023.06.03 11:27 Kotkijet Preview notes for the first juvenile hurdle of the season
I AM NOT A TIPSTER. I AM NEVER A TIPSTER. NOTHING I WRITE IS EVER A TIP. THIS CONTENT IS SOLELY INTENDED TO INFORM, NEVER ADVISE HEXHAM 3RD JUNE – PREVIEW NOTES
Unless stated, all figures relate to British and Irish juvenile hurdlers since 2004/05
For context, the average strike rate (SR) across all juveniles is 9.54%, winner-runner (WR) 19.55%, improvement rate (IMP) 36.90%, clear round (CR) 96.07%, prize money per race (PMPR) £1107.31
Race History/Stats
- Traditional curtain raiser, held each year since 2008 apart from 2020
- Average winning Dis 0.89 median, 1.14 mean. Figures lower only at Chepstow and Cheltenham.
- Average winners’ seasonal RPR of 103.43 over a stone lower than standard juvenile hurdle.
- Four graduates have gone on to contest the Triumph; Simarian (1st 2008, 7th Triumph), Lindenhurst (2nd 2013, 9th Triumph), Koi Dodville (1st 2021, 11th Triumph), Rupestrian (1st 2009, PU Triumph).
- Dinarius (5th 2008), Ocean Transit (4th 2008) and Linger (UR 2016) eventually earned RPRs exceeding 130
Course Info
- Undulating, galloping, left-handed track.
- Average winning Dis of 0.89 median, 1.11 mean are 0.46 lower than average runner; greatest discrepancy of all racecourses.
- Clear round 97.24% (+1.17 cf. standard), completion rate 77.91% (-9.36 cf. standard) lower only at Southwell.
- Odds-on SR of 40% is lowest of all British courses with 10 or more qualifiers.
- No discernible pace advantage
Ground & Pace
- Good. Dry weather forecast, watering to maintain.
- Three have made running in past. Solid pace anticipated.
City Of Ruins bg Donald McCain Unraced
Nathaniel (New Approach){7-f}(0.53) 2/1 Devilment 150 2nd Anniversary Hurdle (G1), Aintree 2015 Breeding
- Nathaniel 27.5% WR, including Zanahiyr, Burning Victory and Navajo Pass. Won this race in 2019 with Green Etoile.
- Full-brother Tuddenham Green won two Juveniles last term and finsihed second in Wensleydale.
- Nephew of Devilment (2nd Anniversary) and Nasee (minor staying hurdle winner)
Source
- Cost 7,000gns as yearling at Tatts October Sale.
- Donald McCain one win from five with racecourse debutants (Sacre Pierre a three-time winner in 2021/22).
Trainer
- 38.89% WR since 2018/19.
- 12 runners without a win at Hexam, 2nd in 2018 running with Weinberg.
Summary
- Outside of Junior NH Hurdles, previously unraced juvenile hurdling debutants have a first-time-out strike-rate of just 2.35%. Nevertheless, one such winner was trained by Donald McCain and this pedigree is an especially strong one for the time of year.
Hourless bg Alan King f5-1-0 (49) 57
Time Test (Green Desert){14-c}(1.36) 3/1 Blue Bit 107 1st 2m Handicap Hurdle, Tramore 1997 Breeding
- Time Test second season, one juvenile to date; Never No Trouble r9w1 RPR91
- Green Desert below average influence in juvenile hurdles (15.79% WR damsire, 15.38% WR sire)
- Family of Kutub, Blue Bit (3/1) only winning jumper of ten+ relatives from 3rd dam.
Source
- Cost 70,000gns at last year’s Tatts Guineas Sale.
- Self-trained Alan King juveniles 51.06% WR.
- Those rated 61 or below have 15% first time strike rate. However, those rated 56 or below are only one winner from thirteen, with Proprioception’s sole win from six coming in a Southwell mares’ handicap off 92.
Trainer
- Most winners of any trainer since 2004/05, 47.13% WR, 48.57% IMP
- Three runs in this race, one win (Green Etoile 2019), one second (City Dreamer 2017)
Flat Profile
- No show on first three outings, but won handicap debut off 47 at Wolverhampton over 1m1½f.
- Raced keenly in rear off modest tempo, green under pressure but led inside final furlong winning with bit to spare.
- Raised two pounds, still green when one paced 5th last time at Bath
Summary
- Represents most successful trainer in the sphere and does have a win to his name. However, that came at a decidedly modest level and there is also a concern that he could find himself unbalanced around Hexham.
Indication Rocket bg Rebecca Menzies f9-1-2 (61) 64
Dandy Man (Rip Van Winkle){14-c}(0.71) 3/1 Rocky Wednesday 140 3rd Winning Fair Juvenile Hurdle (G2), Fairyhouse 2011 Breeding
- Dandy Man 7.14%WR, 0-12 IMP. Chatez (Alan King rated 96 on flat) only winner.
- Rip Van Winkle 0-3 as damsire, 7.69% WR as sire.
- Third dam produced useful winners Bohemian Spirit and Rocky Wednesday
Source
- 16,000gns as 2yo at Tatts Guineas Sale.
- Sole self-trained flat recruit beaten only hurdles start.
Trainer
- 62.50% Improvement rate since 2018/19 is highest in GB.
- 26.67% First time strike rate, including three such winners last term. First juvenile at Hexham.
Flat Profile
- Most experienced runner in the field courtesy of nine outings. Modest on first three starts over 6f, but has steadily improved for switch to handicaps and step up in trip.
- Runner-up in slowly run 10f Newcastle Nursery in September, off the mark penultimate outing in mile handicap off 55 at same track in early May.
- Had run of race up front, but pulled clear again when caught inside distance to win by 2½l. No subsequent winners but those out since have run to form.
- Last seen ten days later finishing third at Wolverhampton over a further furlong-and-a-half off 61. Travelled strongly but no extra when headed turning for home.
Summary
*Rebecca Menzies is a very capable trainer of juveniles who finds improvement from her charges more often than not; which is very much a positive for a horse who is only a few pounds from the top rated. However, while the damline is sound, the sire and damsire have poor records and stamina around Hexham is not assured.
Uncle Matthew bg Evan Williams f6-1-0 (65) 69
Fast Company (Manduro){13-c}(0.78) 3/1 Scriptwriter 134 5th Holloway’s Handicap Hurdle (G2,133), Ascot 2009 Breeding
- Fast Company since 2018/19; 41.18% WR, 22.73% SR (2nd highest) 64.29% IMP (5th highest)
- Manduro 3-12 WR, 62.50% IMP as damsire, 32.14% WR as sire
- Half-brother pulled up sole jumps start. Nephew of Hunter’s Light. Fourth dam produced Darshaan, along with useful jumpers Daraydan and Darialann.
Source
- £16,000 Tatts Ascot March
- ex-John Gosden’s have below-average record in juveniles; WR 18.35%, IMP 22.97%
- First to join Evan Williams from Gosden’s
- Williams 31.75% WR with those bought at public auction. 29.79% for those costing £20,000 or less. Ex-Gosdens 18.60% WR <= £20,000
Trainer
- 27.97% WR, although only 9.52% since 2017/18
- 22.03% Strike rate during summer.
- Two runners in this contest; Simarian (1st 2008 – strongest juvenile graduate from contest; 1st Prestbury, 7th Triumph) Quickdrawmcgraw (2nd 2022)
Flat Profile
- Five-race 2yo campaign starting in Autumn saw him finish no closer than fourth with a BHA mark of 62.
- Made winning return in 1m3f Southwell handicap off 62; starting slowly, prominent halfway and stayed on dourly to prevail by head. Third, fourth and fifth all placed next time.
Summary
- Trainer not as prolific as he was previously, but still managed a second in this contest last year with 52 rated Quickdrawmcgraw. Pedigree is very solid, neither stamina nor attitude would be a concern, and the his Southwell win is as strong as any British form in this line-up. However, those leaving John Gosden’s often underperform when switched to hurdles.
Max Of Stars bf Ollie Pears f4-0-0 (55) 57
Cloth Of Stars (Rock Of Gibraltar){31}(0.67) 3/2 Tiger Roll 174 1st Triumph Hurdle (G1), Cheltenham 2014 Breeding
- Cloth Of Stars first crop. 1st Ganay, 2nd and 3rd in Arc. 2/3 Elgin 3/2 Dodging Bullets, 1.62m
- Sea The Stars 35% WR as juvenile grandsire, 33.33% WR as sire.
- Two juveniles to date in France, each placing at moderate level.
- Rock of Gibraltar 13.95% WR as damsire.
- Third dam, On Air, 4th in Kennel Gate. Produced useful Khachaturian and dam of Tiger Roll
Source
- €8,500 as yearling from Arqana
- Sole placed juvenile My Brother Jack, trained on flat by Pears
Trainer
- 0-6 WR. No runners at Hexham. 100% IMP courtesy of My Brother Jack (sole qualifier)
Jockey
- Sean Quinlan won 2017 running with 8/1 shot Costa Percy
Flat Profile
- Made debut in February. Beaten at least eleven lengths first three outings in maidens at Southwell and Doncaster.
- Handicap debut off 56 at Southwell over 1m4f. Raced keenly with uncontested lead, headed final furlong, flashed tail under pressure. Finished 2¼l fourth of six.
Summary
- Distant relative of Tiger Roll and first-season sire not without potential. However, while best form on flat came last time out, it still leaves enough to find and her attitude was not massively encouraging.
Waitara chf David Pipe f6-2-1 (30.0/66) TF68
Recoletos (Hernando){1-t}(0.54) 1/2 Theamoi 62.5 1st 3550m 3yo Handicap Hurdle (59.0), Fontainebleau 2022 https://www.equidia.fchevaux/waitara Breeding
- Recoletos first juvenile runner. Won Moulin and d’Ispahan, 3rd French Derby. Half-brother to winning hurdler Pedregalejo. 1.63m
- Whipper’s sole juvenile stallion Very Nice Name 14.29% WR. Whipper himself 20% WR
- Hernando 29.27% WR as damsire inc. Punjabi, Adagio and Gaelic Warrior. 60.71% IMP
- Nephew of Timos. 0.5 Thea (1st 4yo Hurdle, Auteuil), 0.5 Ticinello (3rd 4yo Hurdle Enghien). 2/1 Trillion Stars, 3/1 Thagus (both winners)
Source
- David Pipe 7-22 first time ex-French Claimers; including last two winners of this race, Koi Dodville and Free Chakarte (both bought off Flat).
- Waitara second least expensive of such horses, only Jilaijone lower at €10,806; won first time at Fontwell last term for same owner.
- First export of Thierry & Gaël Lemer.
Trainer
- David Pipe 46.67% WR since 2018/19 (5th highest) 38.46% SR during June.
- Last four runners in this race; Free Chakarte (1st 2022), Koi Dodville (1st 2021), Bathwick Scanno (2nd 2011), Lucky Quay (1st 2010)
Flat Profile
- Beaten by at least 12l on both outings at two, but began 3yo campaign with win in Pau 2000m claimer (retained for €11,001)
- Forgiven sixth place finish next time having missed break. Second penultimate outing; winner (2kg lighter) had run of race, stayed on well from remainder.
- Last seen winning 2100m Toulouse claimer in mid March. Broke slowly but soon in lead racing keenly. Caught at distance but responded generously for pressure; winning decisively by length and a half.
- Fifth placed finisher only subsequent winner. Nevertheless, runner-up has since been consistent in handicaps off 62. Mark in mid-high 60s would be appropriate.
Summary
- Last two runnings have gone to David Pipe trained ex-French claimers, and while Free Chakarte and Koi Dodville had slightly higher ratings, Waitara still emerges on top at these weights. Moreover, she has shown consistent form throughout 2023 and a good attitude to complement same. First-season sire yet to be tested but has perfectly reasonable credentials and the damsire and damlines are encouraging. Only concern would be a lack of form shown on ground better than soft.
Strong Prospects
- Waitara
Reasonable Prospects
- Uncle Matthew
- Indication Rocket
Feasible Prospects
- City Of Ruins
Moderate Prospects
- Hourless
- Max Of Stars
Negligible Prospects
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2023.06.03 07:02 DrShail My Top 10 - The movies I have watched and enjoyed countless of times, the dialogs I quote every now and then and the soundtrack of my life
2023.06.03 05:15 T-NNguyen Tôn giáo và nghi lễ tại các triều đình của Đại Việt
| Hình ảnh Rồng, thời Lý John K. Whitmore / University of Michigan Ngô Bắc dịch Xem tôn giáo đơn giản như sự tương tác của thiên nhiên và siêu nhiên, khi đó đâu là vị trí của quốc gia trong mối tương quan này? Nghi lễ đứng ở điểm mấu chốt trong vị thế tôn giáo của quốc gia, tụ hội lại với nhau các thành tố vật thể của tôn giáo, hệ thống tín ngưỡng của giới tinh hoa quốc gia, và vũ trụ như họ nhận thức về nó. Sự giao tiếp của nhà nước và tôn giáo tại các vùng đất của Đông Nam Á đã chứng kiến sự tổng hợp của vũ trụ và tôn giáo (vũ trụ vĩ mô: macrocosmos) và vũ trụ vi mô (microcosmos) quay trở về một trạng thái phân đôi trước đây) trong đó cấu trúc chính trị của quốc gia ăn khớp với cấu trúc được nhận thức về vũ trụ. Điểm mà tại đó hai cấu trúc này nối liền nhau là nghi thức được cử hành bởi nhà cai trị và các chuyên viên nghi lễ của nhà cai trị và có nghĩa đại diện cho vũ trụ tại địa phương. Nói theo chữ nghĩa của Geertz (Geertz, 1980), điều này tạo ra “Nhà Nước Sân Khấu” và “Trung tTm Mẫu Mực” (Exemplary Center)”, nhưng nghi thức này không phải chỉ có tính chất trình diễn không thôi, nó là kiến trúc của toàn thể, tính nhất thể của sự sáng tạo, cho dù được địa phương hóa. Trong thời đại tổ chức của vùng, từ thế kỷ thứ chín đến mười bốn, nghi lễ như thế có khuynh hướng sẽ được cử hành trong, trên, hay quanh các đài tưởng niệm vĩ đại và đã là điểm then chốt của sự tương tác giữa nhà nước và tôn giáo, ngay dù khi kinh tế của cộng đồng tôn giáo có trợ lực vào việc ổn định hóa chính thể. Nó tạo thành cái dù chùm bên trên và kết buộc lại với nhau nhiều đia phương rải rác của mạn-đà-la [mandala: nguyên nghĩa trong tiếng Phạn chỉ vòng tròn, có nơi dịch là luân viên cụ túc, là sự tượng trưng được sắp đặt có hệ thống cho vũ trụ, biểu trưng chính yếu bởi một cấu hình đồng tâm của các hình thể hình học, mỗi hình thể này chứa đựng một hình ảnh của một vị thần hay một điều gì biểu trưng cho một vị thần, chú của người dịch]. Trong thời ban sơ hiện đại, với chính thể được quản trị một cách chặt chẽ hơn, tiêu điểm nhiều phần sẽ là các kinh sách và một ý thức hệ lan truyền trong xã hội đã chế ngự sự giao tiếp nhà nước/tôn giáo (Lieberman, 2003). Song nghi lễ triều đình vẫn tiếp tục trong nỗ lực của nó nhắm vào sự kết hợp và biểu lộ vũ trụ. Trong thời hiện đại, dường như nghi thức và lễ lạc vẫn còn cần thiết, tuy nhiên đã được cắt rời khỏi các chủ đề vũ trụ. Hiện có một ước muốn liên tục cho một “nhất thể: oneness”:, nhưng giờ đây chính dân tộc chủ nghĩa đã được sử dụng về mặt chính trị để giành đạt sự thống nhất. (Day 2002). Quay trở lại nghi thức thời tiền hiện đại, đâu là sự liên quan của lễ lạc như thế với tin ngưỡng, hoặc của hoàng triều hay cá nhân? Điều sẽ rõ ràng rằng mối quan hệ vũ trụ của nghi thức đã không nhất thiết đòi hỏi sự tin tưởng của mọi người trong vương quốc phải ôm chầm lấy nó. Sự tham gia cụ thể hơn là niềm tin tôn giáo cá nha6n dường như đã được yêu cầu như một sự phục tùng trước ngôi vua và sự liên kết của nó với vũ trụ. Kế đó, liệu điều này có thay đổi qua thời gian và không gian hay không? Tôi sẽ khảo sát mệnh đề này trong các tình huống nghi lễ và tôn giáo của các triều đại khác nhau của Đại Việt (bắc Việt Nam, từ thế kỷ thứ 11 đến 18) (Whitmore, 2008). Những gì chúng ta nhìn thấy, tôi tin tưởng, đã không phải là một hệ thống tín ngưỡng chế ngự duy nhất và nghi lễ đi kèm của nó vốn đặt tiêu điểm nơi các triều đình hoàng gia. Đúng hơn nó là sự tích lũy liên tục (mượn cách nói của Keith Taylor [2004]) của một loạt các thành phần của các hệ thống tín ngưỡng khác nhau, từ địa phương đến kinh đô, đã từng được định hình và tái định hình tùy theo các cá nhân và tình huống cá biệt (có nghĩa, con người, không gian và thời gian). Trong khi một vài thành phần biến mất, sự tích lũy các nhân tố khác vẫn tiếp tục xuyên qua các thế kỷ. Một số thời khoảng nào đó đã chứng kiến nỗ lực để “thanh lọc” các thành phần khác biệt, nhưng các nỗ lực như thế chưa bao giờ khống chế hoàn toàn quang cảnh Việt Nam, và sự tích lũy các thành phần khác biệt đã tiếp diễn tại xã hội địa phương. Trong khi sự tích lũy này tiến hành, tại các làng xã và trong số nhân viên triều đình, đàn ông và đàn bà, nghi lễ quốc gia được cử hành bởi các chuyên vien tôn giáo của các triều đình hoàng gia đã duy trì vị trí của mỗi triều đại trong cả vũ trụ lẫn vương quốc. Trong khoảng gần 500 năm, từ thế kỷ thứ 10 đến 15, nghi thức này chủ yếu có tính chất Ấn Độ tự nguyên thủy (Phật Giáo), trong khi cho 500 năm kế tiếp, từ thế kỷ nthứ 15 đên 20, nó có tinh chất Trung Hoa (Khổng học). Song điều này đon giản hóa tình trạng của Đại Việt. Chúng ta hãy đi xuyên qua các triều đại, mỗi triều đại điều hành từ một căn bản khác nhau và với khuôn mẫu tôn giáo của riêng nó. Sự thành lập Đại Việt đã diễn ra trong khoảng một trăm năm, từ thập niên 960 đến thập niên 1060, khi sự cạnh tranh giữa các địa phương khác biệt trong và ngoài châu thổ sông Hồng đã dẫn đến vị trị chế ngự mạn-đà-la (đàn trường tụ hội tha6`n linh tượng trưng cho vũ trụ, chú của người dịch) của gia tộc họ Lý tại trung tâm châu thổ (Whitmore 2006a). Thoạt tiên, các sự thờ cúng thần linh của các đia phương đã cùng hiện hữu với Phật Giáo của các ngôi chùa. Khi Lý Công Uẩn (Thái-tổ, trị vì từ 1009-28) dời kinh đô về lại địa điểm hiện thời của Hà Nội (Thăng Long) một nghìn năm trước đây, ông đã làm như thế bằng việc gia nhập vào sự thành lập Phật giáo của vùng châu thổ trung tâm. Dần dần, xuyên qua thờI trị vì của ông và thời của con trai và cháu ông (Thái-tông, trị vì 1028-54, và Thánh-tông, trị vì 1054-72), chính thể nhà Lý đã phát triển một khuôn mẫu nghi thức đã tự xác định bản thân trong khuôn khổ của mạn đà-la, cả về mặt không gian lẫn vũ trụ (Taylor 1976). Trong sự tiến triển từ địa phương trung tâm trở thành quyền lực khống chế, ba nhà vua triều Lý này đã tái xác định vị thế tinh thần và nghi thức của họ (Taylor 1996). Thái tổ khởi sự sự kết hợp các sự thờ cúng địa phương với các ngôi chùa Phật Giáo khi ông liên kết cả hai với ngôi vua. Thái-tông đã phát triển cộng đồng các ngôi chùa Phật giáo nhiều hơn nữa, xây dựng Chùa Một Cột (Single Pillar Pagoda) khi ông nối kết các sự thờ cúng thần linh chặt chẽ hơn với sự kiểm soát chính trị dưới hình thức cắt máu tuyên thệ trung thành. Thánh-tông đã mang vị thế nghi thức của ngai vàng lên một mức độ mới khi ông thiết lập sự thờ phượng cua/ hoàng triều đối với Đế Thích (Indra, Vua của Các Vị Thần) và Phan [Phạm?] Vương (Brahma) trong thập niên 1050. Cùng lúc ông đã xây dụng điều có thể xem là đền thờ trung tâm của Đại Việt, Tháp Báo Thiên [tiếng Việt trong nguyên bản, chú của người dịch] (Báo cáo lên ông Trời), tại Thăng Long. Chính vì thế, giữa các sự thờ cúng thần linh của các địa phương và nhiều chùa chiền của cộng đồng Phật Giáo, các vị vua Lý đầu tiên này đã xây dựng một khuôn mẫu nghi thức mang lại cho họ sự chế ngự tinh thần trên các địa phương của mạn-đà-la va biến Ngai Vua thành tiêu điểm của sự liên hệ Đất/Trời. Hệ thống tín ngưỡng này vốn tạo thành căn bản cho sự thờ cúng của hoàng triều này là một Phật Giáo Đại Thừa được tu hành bởi các cộng đồng các nhà sư kêu gọi một sự giản dị của đồi sống và một sự nhìn nhận tính vô thường của đời sống (Nguyễn 1997). Khuôn mẫu của tư tưởng hoàng triều này có thể được nhìn thấy trong tác phẩm cuối thế kỷ thứ mười một, Báo Cực Truyện (Declaring the Ineffable) (Taylor 1986). Trong năm câu chuyện từ tác phẩm này sẽ được nhận thấy trong tác phẩm thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, Việt Điện U Linh Tập, chúng ta nhìn thấy một hỗn hợp phức tạp của các nhân vật thẩm quyển có tính chất trung hoa trước đó, các vị thần linh của các địa phương, và các nhà sư Phật Giáo, một sự pha trộn quyến rũ của sự tích lũy cả nghìn năm trước trên quang cảnh địa phương. Một loạt các phái tư tưởng Phật Giáo (Tịnh Độ, Thiền v.v…) đã hiện hữu trong vô số ngôi đền của đất nước. Đã có một sự lôi kéo giữa sự nhận thức tôn giáo của triều đình và sự nhận định của cá nhân muốn tìm kiếm sự giải thoát tinh thần, như được minh họa một cách rõ ràng biết bao trong các bài thơ của Đoàn Văn Khâm (thập niên 1080 đến 1100) (Taylor 1992). Cũng có hiện diện các nhà nho [tiếng Việt, cùng âm Hán ru, trong nguyên bản, chú của người dịch] là các học giả chuyên viên về các kinh sách cổ điển, được nghĩ gồm cả sách về nghi lễ (Taylor 2002). Các bia ký của thé kỷ thứ mười hai cho thấy mối tương liên của các luồng tư tưởng khác biệt này và ngôi vua (Épigraphie 1998), vào lúc này tục cắt máu ăn thề của hoàng gia, các sự thờ cúng thần linh, và Đế Thích (Indra) vẫn tiếp tục. Các bia này có khuynh hướng phát sinh từ các chùa Phật Giáo và do đó phản ảnh hệ thống tin ngưỡng này. Một bia ký hoàng triều năm 1121 (#5) bởi vua Lý Nhân Tông (trị vì từ 1072-1127) mang nặng tinh chất Phật Giáo. Các bia ký đền chùa cấp vùng, như bia ký bởi Lý Thường Kiệt ở hướng nam (khoảng năm 1100) (#11), đã nối kết bản thân chúng với kinh đô trong khung cảnh Phật Giáo, như bia ký năm 1107 của gia đình họ Hà ở phía bắc đã làm như thế (#12). Song các bia ký này cũng có tham chiếu đến các tác phẩm cổ điển của Trung Hoa và, trong bia ký tang lễ năm 1159 về vị thượng thư chính yếu Đỗ Anh Vũ (#19; Taylor 1995; 2002), chúng ta sẽ chỉ thấy các sự ám chỉ cổ điển như thế và không có sự đề cập nào đến Phật Giáo. Các sự mô tả của Trung Hoa từ thập niên 1170 cũng không thảo luận gì về Phật Giáo tại Đại Việt, mặc dù chúng có thể được sàng lọc ra khỏi bản chất thực sự của chế độ quân chủ Vệt Nam bởi chinh sách ngoại giao kiểu Trung Hoa của phía Việt Nam (Whitmore 1986). Tuy thế, Phật Giáo vẫn còn tồn tại trong khung cảnh tôn giáo bao quát của nhà nước tại Đại Việt, và nghi lễ hoàng gia về sự tuyên thệ, các thần linh, và Đế Thích đã kết buộc các địa phương lại với nhau trong khuôn khổ mạn-đà-la và vương quốc với vũ trụ. Khi triều đại nhà Lý đang thành lập vương quốc Phật Giáo của nó tại phần trung lưu của cha6u thổ sông Hồng, sự thịnh vượng gia tăng của Đại Việt, tạo ra sự phát triển kinh tế và dân số của vùng duyên hải phía đông hạ lưu châu thổ (Whitmore 2006a; 2008). Xâm nhập vào vùng đất thưa dân này là các di dân nhập cảnh từ bờ biển đông nam của Trung Hoa đổ xuống, trong số đó có gia tộc nhà Chen (tiếng Việt là họ Trần), kẻ đã trở thành một quyền lực hải quân địa phương. Kiểm soát vùng duyên hải hồi đầu thế kỷ thứ mười ba, họ Trần đã tranh chấp với quyền lực nhà Lý ở thượng lưu, đã kêt hôn với hoàng gia, và đã chiếm đoạt ngôi vua ở Thăng Long. Không di chuyển kinh đô về căn cứ của họ gần bờ biển, hoàng gia mới đã duy trì hoàng triều với nghi lễ tuyên thệ của nó và sự thờ cúng Đế Thích trong khung cảnh Phật Giáo bao quát của vùng trung châu thổ. Song, trong khi sự sùng bái hoàng triều này vẫn tiếp tục xuyên qua các thế kỷ thứ mười ba và mười bốn tại vùng hạt nhân sự cai trị của Đại Việt, trong khi cộng đồng Phật giáo nội địa vẫn còn mạnh, và trong khi nhiều sự thờ cúng thần linh địa phương vẫn duy trì ảnh hưởng của chúng, triều đại mới từ vùng duyên hải đã có tiếp cận với các trường phái tư tưởng tại Trung Hoa. Đặc biệt, hai chiều hướng mới đã xuất hiện, một Phật Giáo, và hướng kia có tính chất cổ điển (tức “Khổng học”). Hai trường phái tư tưởng này đã song hành với nhau, chiều hướng trên trong gia đình hoàng tộc, chiều hướng thứ nhì trong chính quyền nói chung, được gắn liền vào các tùy tùng của giới quý tộc, xuyên suốt thế kỷ thứ mười ba. Trong thế kỷ tiếp theo, mỗi một trong hai chiều hướng này sẽ cung cấp một câu trả lời khả hữu trước cuộc khủng hoảng gia tăng của thời đại. Gia tộc hoàng triều họ Trần đã có các sự quan hệ cá nhân mạnh mẽ với phái Chan (tiếng Việt là Thiền) Phật Giáo (Nguyễn 1997); Wolters 1988]. Nhà vua đầu tiên Trần Thái Tông (trị vì 1225-77) như một nhà vua trẻ được đặt lên ngai vua bởi người bác [hay chú] đã ước ao thiết tha một cuộc sống phật tử tại một ngôi chùa. Dần dà, xuyên qua thế kỷ thứ mười ba, một thành viên của hoàng tộc trở thành kẻ sùng kính Phật Giáo, Tuệ Trung, đã phát triển tư tưởng Thiền tại Đại Việt, chú tâm về sự hợp nhất của thời gian và không gian, và sự truyền đạo từ sư phụ cho đệ tử. Song các nhà lãnh đạo họ Trần đã không xem tư tưởng Phật Giáo gạt bỏ sự khôn ngoan của “Các Minh Quân: the Sages” (có nghĩa, có nhà cai trị thời cổ đại). Đã có một cảm giác mạnh mẽ rằng hai hệ thống tín ngưỡng bổ túc cho nhau. Đồng thời, nhà vua đã mang các nhà học giả kinh sách cổ điển vào các chức vụ hành chính ở cả kinh đô lẫn vùng nông thôn lần đầu tiên. Một trong các hoàng tử nhà Trần, Ích Tắc đã thành lập trường phái đầu tiên của tư tưởng cổ điển tại Đại Việt. Các cuộc xâm lăng của Mông Cổ trong thập niên 1280 đã củng cố cho thẩm quyền của các ông hoàng nhà Trần trong việc cai quản vương quốc. Các cuộc xâm lăng này cũng đã có một tác động trực tiếp trên nhà nước và tôn giáo trong các người Việt Nam. Điều này đã dẫn dắt Đại Việt và xứ Chàm, các đối thủ lâu dài, liên kết các nỗ lực của họ để đánh thắng quân Mông Cổ. Kết quả, vua nhà Trần, mo6t. Nhân-tông nhiệt tình theo Thiền Phật Giáo (trị vì 1279-1308), đã viếng thăm xứ Chàm và các ngôi đền Phật Giáo [sic] của nó. Quay về nước, nhà vua Việt Nam đã trở thành vị tổ sư đầu tiên của Phái Thiền Trúc Lâm (Bamboo Grove) mới, dính líu sâu xa với giới quý tộc. Hai vị vua kế tiếp, con và cháu vua Nhân-tông (Anh-tông, trị vì 1293-1320; Minh-tông, trị vì 1314-1357), đã thực hành tư tưởng Thiền của phái này và đã phát triển nó vào một phái chính thống liên hợp cho toàn thể vương quốc. Xuyên qua một ba đầu tiên của thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, các nhà vua này đã tìm cách để đối phó lại các áp lực và sự căng thẳng kinh tế-xã hội gia tăng trong vương quốc bằng việc lôi kéo các luồng khác biệt của tín ngưỡng địa phương (thờ thần linh và Phật Giáo) lần đầu tiên vào một khuôn mẫu thống nhất về tư tưởng. Thị kiến của vua Minh-tông về pháp thân (dharmabody) của vương quốc đã hỗn hợp thời gian (quá khứ, hiện tại, tương lai) và không gian (các địa phương) trong Phật tính của tất cả (Wolters 1988). Ngôi vua, cộng đồng Phật Giáo, và vương quốc đã được phục vụ và bảo vệ bởi các sự thờ cúng thần linh địa phương, như được trình bày trong quyển Việt Điện U Linh Tập (Secret Powers of Viet) năm 1329 (Taylor 1986b). Dự kiến kết hợp này khi đó đã được ghi thành văn bản trong tập Thiền Uyển Tập Anh (Eminent Monks of the Thiền Community) trong năm 1337 (Nguyễn 1997). Tại lõi cốt của hoạt động triều đình này, vẫn còn có sự sùng bái hoàng gia về tục ăn thề và thờ Đế Thích và ý nghĩa đặc biệt của Tháp Báo Thiên. Trong một số phương cách nào đó, nỗ lực kết hợp này vào một thời khoảng có áp lực đặc biệt giống như nỗ lực của vua Jayavarman VII tại Angkor hồi cuối thế kỷ thứ mười hai. Song vào cuối thập niên 1330, vua Minh-tông bắt đầu nhận thức rằng nỗ lực Phật Giáo này đã không hoàn thành được mục đích kết hợp của nó (Whitmore 1996). Cho đến giữa thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, khủng hoảng xã hội gia tăng khắp vùng nông thôn, và nhà vua đã thay đổi đường hướng. Tách rời khỏi Thiền Phật Giáo, Minh-tông đã hướng đến cộng đồng phát triển của các học gỉa về kinh điển vùng duyên hải. Ông đã mang vị thày và học giả nổi tiếng Chu Văn An từ trường phái thịnh hành của ông An về kinh đô (Wolters 1996). Trong phần tư thế kỷ kế tiếp, kể cả thời gian của lại của thời trị vì của vua Minh-tông, ông An đã đặt định giọng điệu trí thức của Thăng Long. Lời giảng dạy của ông dường như đã chấp nhận tư tưởng triều đại nhà Đường của Hàn Dũ và đã nhấn mạnh đến các niềm tin cổ điển của Trung Hoa, thời cổ đại của nó (Bol 2008). Tiêu điểm nhắm vào thời cổ đại này để mang lại các câu trả lời cho thời hiện tại khó khăn đi ngược với cảm giác vượt thời gian của Thiền về pháp thân. Khi trường phái tư tưởng trung hoa này đã phát triển từ thế hệ đầu tiên cho đến thế hệ môn sinh của Chu Văn An, cũng đã có sự thay đổi từ thời cổ đại Trung Hoa thành định thức về một thời cổ đại tại Đại Việt, được gọi là Văn Lang. Các học giả này đã thúc giuc, cả sự chấp nhận đường hướng cổ thời của các Minh Quân [Phục Hồi Cổ Đại, tiếng Việt là phục cổ, âm Hán là fu gu] lẫn lập luận chống lại sự can dự của Phật Giáo vào nhà nước. Khi các khó khăn xã hội sâu sắc hơn tại vùng nông thôn, các học giả này lần đầu tiên đã làm ra các bài thơ về thời đại xáo động khi họ tiếp tục các nỗ lực của mình để ảnh hưởng đến triều đình và giới quý tộc (Wolters 1986; Whitmore 1987). Phật Giáo, trong một cách chưa được giải thích, bắt đầu mờ nhạt trong sự quy định chính sách tại Thăng Long, ngay dù nghi thức hoàng gia về tuyên thệ và thờ Đế Thích còn tiếp tục với mọi biểu hiệu ngoài mặt. Một điểm trọng yếu của sự thay đổi đã xảy ra với sự vươn lên trong sức mạnh của xứ Chàm ở phía nam và sự chiếm cứ của xứ Chàm tại kinh thành Thăng Long trong năm 1371 (Whitmore 2009b). Trong một phần ba sau cùng của thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, chính thể và xã hội của Đại Việt đã trải qua một cuộc khủng hoảng lớn lao khi các căn bệnh xã hội được kết hợp với các cuộc xâm nhập thường trực bởi xứ Chàm. Quân phòng thủ Việt Nam đã có ít sự thành công trong việc ngăn chặn các đội quân xâm lăng, và nền văn minh vùng đất thấp đã chứng kiến một sự biến thể quan trọng trong nền tảng huyền thoại của nó. Quyền lực rơi vào tay của viên thương thư chính yếu, Lê Quý Ly, cũng là một hậu duệ của Trung Hoa, nhưng từ phía nam của Đại Việt (tỉnh Thanh Hóa) (Whitmore 1985). Khi Quý Ly đã sống sót qua các tai họa quân sự và đã phát triển sự kiểm soát trên hoàng triều, ông bắt đầu chấp nhận hệ thống tín ngưỡng mới của các học giả (Whitmore 1996). Như được nhận thấy trong quyển niên sử (Đại) Việt Sử Lược (Brief History of Đại Việt), cũng như trong các câu chuyện huyền bí được tích lũy trong quyển Lĩnh Nam Chích Quái (Strange Tales from South of the Passes), thời cổ đại Việt Nam với mười tám vua Hùng đã trở thành huyền thoại nền tảng của đất nước trong những năm này. Các quyển sách này đã nối kết Văn Lang với triều đại nhà Chu bên Trung Hoa và nhân vật hành động nguồn cội của nó, Chu Công. Trong thập niên 1390, Quý Ly đã thúc đẩy loại tư tưởng cổ điển này và đã thiết lập một sự sùng bái tập trung quanh Chu Công, với Khổng tử bên cạnh như vị thầy chính yếu. Trường phái tư tưởng cổ điển này của Việt Nam thế kỷ thứ mười bốn đã vươn lên đỉnh của nó khi Quý Ly (trị vì 1400-07) giành lấy ngôi vua cho gia đình của riêng ông, giờ đây có danh xưng Nhà Hồ, và đã gắng sức để tái hình thành đất nước trong một khuôn khổ cổ điển (Whitmore 1985). Đại Việt đã trở thành Đại Ngu (âm Hán là Da Yu), một sự ám chỉ đến các nguồn gốc của văn minh Trung Hoa, và nhà vua mới đã mong muốn theo gương các Minh Quân (Sage Rulers) của thời kỳ nguyên thủy đó, đặc biệt vua Thuấn (Shun). Trong tiến trình, Quý Ly đã hoàn toàn thay đổi nghi lễ hoàng triều, mang nó thích hợp với hệ thống tín ngưỡng mới của triều đại nhà Minh đương thời. Phật Giáo đã không dự phần vào lễ nghi của ông, và các khuôn mẫu thời Lý-Trần về cắt máu ăn thề và thờ Đế Thích đi đến chỗ kết thúc. Nghi thức mới là lễ tế Thiên của nhà Minh hiện đại tại Đàn Nam Giao (Southern Suburbs) (âm Hán là Nan-qiao). Nghi thức này gia đình họ Hồ đã cử hành tại một đàn thờ ở phía nam kinh đô mới của họ là Tây Đô ở Thanh Hóa (Western Capital), đối với Đông Đô (Eastern Capital) tức Thăng Long). Thời đầu của thập niên 1400 chính vì thế đã đánh dấu đỉnh điểm của sự biến đổi từ nghi lễ Phật Giáo và hệ thống tín ngưỡng của thời kỳ tổ chức tại Đại Việt sang các bước khởi đầu của nghi thức và hệ thống tín ngưỡng tân cổ điển, sẽ có ý nghĩa rất nhiều cho bốn thế kỷ còn lại của Đại Việt. Trong cả hệ thống tín ngưỡng lân nghi thức, ý niệm về Thiên (âm Hán là Tian) đã thay cho nhà nước. Trước đây, Thiên là lãnh địa của các vị thần nam nữ với Đế Thích như vị vua của các thần tại đỉnh ngọn núi Meru, và sự thờ cúng của hoàng triều đã tưởng niệm và nối kết nhà vua trần thế với vị vua trên trời. Giờ đây nhà cai trị Việt Nam chấp nhận quan điểm của các học giả về một ông Trời trừu tượng hơn, bao gồm vũ trụ và thiên nhiên, và tại lễ đàn Nam Giao, nhà cai trị đã trở thành sợi dây nối kết giữa ông Trời trừu tượng này với loài người. Động thái của ông và phương cách mà ông và chính quyền của ông ảnh hưởng xã hội quanh ông sẽ tác động lên phương cách mà ông Trời đối đãi với loài người. Trong tiến trình, nhà nước, đúng hơn là bản thân nhà vua, trở nên thiết yếu hơn nhiều cho mối quan hệ giữa thiên nhiên và siêu nhiên. Cuộc đánh bại của triều đại nhà Minh trên gia tộc họ Hồ và sự chiếm đóng hai thập niên (1407-27) của nó tại Đại Việt làm gián đoạn sự phát triển tôn giáo của hoàng triều tại Thăng Long (Whitmore 1985). Các lực lượng Việt Nam kế đó đã đánh bại nhà Minh và nắm giữ quyền lực để trở thành triều đại mới, lãnh đạo bởi Lê Lợi (Thái-tông [sic, Thái tô?], trị vì 1428-33), kẻ được sinh ra từ vùng núi non tây nam xa xôi (Ungar 1983). Hoàng triều và giới quý tộc mới đã tượng trưng cho một sự đứt đoạn với các triều đình nhà Lý và nhà Trần trước đây thuộc châu thổ sông Hồng. Triều đình nhà Lê mới đã mang truyền thống vùng núi non về cắt máu ăn thề và pha trộn nó với lời thề trung thành từ nhiều thế kỷ trước đây. Mặt khác, đã không có sự thờ cúng hoàng triều xuất hiện. Khi các lời cầu mưa liên quan đến các chùa Phật Guiáo, một khoảng trống ý thức hệ xuát hiện. Trong một cuộc tranh luận giữa các viên chức cao cấp lớn tuổi hơn, nặng truyền thống hơn (đặc biệt Nguyễn Trãi) với các viên chức trẻ tuổi hơn chắc chắn đã được giáo dục tại các trường học mới của thời Minh thuộc, sự ưa thích của phái trẻ trên khuôn mẫu nhà Minh hiện đại về âm nhạc và nghi thức đã khởi sự xuất hiện một cách từ từ tại triều đình nhà Lê tại Thăng Long trong thập niên 1430 (Whitmore 2006). Sự biến thể của nhà nước tại Đại Việt từ loại mạn-đà-la địa phương của các thế kỷ trước đây sang nhà nước thư lại trung hoa của nhà Minh đương đại đã xảy ra trong thập niên 1460, cầm đầu bởi nhà vua trẻ tuổi bất ngờ, vua Thánh-tông (trị vì 1460-97) (Whitmore 2006c). Một trong các bước tiến đầu tiên trong sự biến thể này là sự tái thiết lập lễ tế Thiên tại đàn Nam Giao được chủ lễ bởi hoàng đế. Nghi thức này là trung tâm cho các hoạt động của nhà nước như được hướng dẫn bởi các quan chức-nho học giờ đây được tuyển dụng qua các cuộc khảo thí mới kiểu Trung Hoa ba năm một lần. Đồng thời, nhà nước đã binh vực cho các giá trị liên hệ đến nhà Nho (âm Hán là ru) tại Trung Hoa (Khổng học) và chính vì thế đã tìm cách thanh lọc các tập quán địa phương. Cùng lúc, các nhà quý tộc và các mệnh phụ tại triều đình vẫn tiếp tục theo đuổi đạo Phật, và người dân làng vẫn theo đuổi Phật Giáo và các sự thờ cúng địa phương của họ. Mô hình Hồng Đức kiểu Trung Hoa được thiết lập bởi vua Thánh-tông (nên hiệu của thời trị vì thứ nhì của ông) tùy thuộc vào việc triều đình (nhà vua và giới quý tộc) có chấp nhận các giá trị của nhà học giả và sử dụng chúng để quản trị nhà nước và cử hành nghi thức cần thiết. Phần ba đầu tiên của thế kỷ thứ mười sáu chứng kiến sự tranh giành giữa các gia tộc quý tộc, đặc biệt họ Trịnh và họ Nguyễn, đã phá hủy mô hình này cùng lễ nghi đi kèm của nó. Triều đại mới Nhà Mạc (1528-92) thay thế nhà Lê rõ ràng đã tái lập mô hình của vua Thánh-tông và cùng với nó nghi thức lỗi cốt của đàn Nam Giao (Whitmore 1995; 2006b). Không may, các tài liệu về thời kỳ này thì ít ỏi. Chúng ta hay biết rằng tại các làng xã, các học giả có biên soạn các văn bản cho bia ký Phật Giáo và tổ chức các nhóm tu van [tiếng Việt trong nguyên bản, không bỏ dấu, người dịch suy đoán là “tư văn” [?] dựa trên phần dịch nghĩa sang tiếng Anh của tác giả: “This Culture of Ours”] để nâng cao các giá trị cổ điển. (Nguyễn 2002; Woodside 2002). Suốt thế kỷ thứ mười sáu, hai gia đình quý tộc, họ Nguyễn và gia tộc họ Trịnh, đã ủng hộ vua Lê bại trận phục ngôi từ vùng núi non tây nam của tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Sau sáu mươi năm họ đã có thể đánh đuổi họ Mạc ra khỏi Thăng Long, trước khi tranh giành lẫn nhau. (Taylor, 1987; 1993). Họ Trịnh đã thắng và chế ngự vua Lê, vua Lê trị vì trong khi họ Trịnh cai trị Đại Việt tại miền bắc. Họ Nguyễn thua trận trú náu tại căn cứ của họ ở biên giới phía nam và đã khởi sự phát triển một lãnh địa mới, mở rộng từ đó. Từ 1600, cả hai chế độ quý tộc được lãnh đạo bởi hai vị chúa [tiếng Việt trong nguyên bản, chú của người dịch], đã quay trở lại các khuôn mẫu tín ngưỡng trước đây. (Cooke 1998; Dror & Taylor 2006). Với bản chất quân sự, họ dựa vào lòng trung thành và lời thề trung thành, trong khuôn mẫu thờ cúng thần linh và Phật Giáo bao quát hơn, để ràng buộc chặt chẽ các người theo họ. Tháp Báo Thiên ở Thăng Long (Whitmore 1994) và Chùa Thiên Mụ ( Heavenly Mother Temple) (Huế) xem ra là các tiêu điểm cho hai hệ thống tín ngưỡng. Các tín ngưỡng và nghi thức của các chế độ học thuật trước kia đã mờ nhạt nhiều về ý nghĩa. Nửa sau của thế kỷ thứ mười bảy đã mang lại các sự thay đổi lớn lao cho các hệ thống tín ngưỡng này ở cả hai miền, khi mỗi miền đáp ứng với các tình huống biến đổi đặc biệt của chúng. Đối với họ Trịnh ở phương bắc, tình trạng này là sự thất bại của họ không đánh bại được họ Nguyễn và thống nhất hoàn toàn Đại Việt. Đối với họ Nguyễn tại miền nam, tình trạng này là sự bành trướng của cộng đồng xã hội người Việt và Trung Hoa (Minh hương) xuyên qua đất đai cũ của xứ Chàm (thuộc miền trung Việt Nam ngày nay) tiến vào lãnh thổ Khmer ở châu thổ sông Cửu Long. Sự lựa chọn đưa ra bởi mỗi miền được liên kết với phần đất của Trung Hoa mà mỗi miền đó đã có sự tiếp xúc rộng rãi: đối với miền bắc, là Bắc Kinh và nội địa Trung Hoa; với miền nam, là duyên hải đông nam Trung Hoa và biển Nam Hoa [South China Sea, gọi theo tên đặt bởi Trung Hoa, người Việt gọi là biển đông, chú của người dịch]. Trong các thập niên 1650 và 1660, chúa Trịnh Tạc, trong nỗ lực của ông để tăng cường và tái thống nhất Đại Việt, đã mang các học giả trở lại các vai trò quan trọng trong chính quyền. (Taylor 1987) Hai thế kỷ sau triều Lê Thánh-tông, chính quyền đã quay trở về một chế độ thư lại kiểu trung hoa và các giá trị Khổng học của giới văn nhân. Với mô thức này, đàn Nam Giao để tế Thiên và khái niệm về hoàng đế như tiêu điểm nghi thức giữa Trời và Đất đã tái xuất hiện. Song giờ đây vị hoàng đế lại không cai trị, và vì thế rõ ràng là các chúa Trịnh đã có khuynh hướng giảm bớt vai trò của hoàng đế trong các việc nghi lễ. (Whitmore 2006b) Tuy thế, các giá trị Khổng học đã được truyền bá sâu đậm hơn nữa trong xã hội miền bắc, ngay dù niềm tin cá nhân nơi Phật Giáo, sùng bái Các Thánh Mẫu, và đạo Thiên Chúa mới có phát triển. (Taylor 2002; Dror 2007; Tran 2005) Trong khi họ Trịnh vẫn không thể đánh bại họ Nguyễn và thống nhất đất nước, miền bắc đã thịnh vượng dưới hệ thống quản trị mới, và nhóm quần thần nho học ở đó đã thành công cả trên đất nước chính họ lẫn trong các sứ bộ sang triều đình nhà Thanh tại Bắc Kinh (Kelley 2005). Dần dần, sự hiện diện của nhà nho tại cả triều đình lẫn các làng xã đã bén rễ sâu hơn sự hiện diện của hệ thống giá trị và các nghi lễ của họ trong xã hội Việt Nam. Đối với họ Nguyễn ở phương nam, vấn đề là cần phát triển một hệ thống tín ngưỡng có thể bao hàm xã hội ngày càng hỗn chủng hơn của họ. Khi tầm mức của lãnh địa của họ mở rộng sâu hơn về phía nam trong cuộc Nam Tiến [tiêng Việt trong nguyên bản, chú của người dịch], các chúa Nguyễn tại Phú Xuân (Huế) đã hành động để mở rộng và tăng cường thẩm quyền và tính chính đáng của họ trên các địa phương, cũ và mnới. Để làm như thế, họ đã đặt quan hệ với mạng lưới hàng hải đang phát triển nối kết Quảng Châu tại duyên hải đông nam Trung Hoa, Nagasaki tại Nhật Bản, và Hội An tại miền trung Việt Nam, không chỉ về mặt thương mại mà còn cả về mặt tôn giáo (Wheeler 2008). Mời đón các nhà sư Phật Giáo Thiền Trung Hoa du hành trong mang lưới này, đặc biệt [Thích] Đại Sán (Da Shan) ở Quảng Châu, các vị chúa Nguyễn trong thập niên 1690 đã để bản thân và giới quý tộc của họ quy y vào hình thức thẩm quyền này của Phật Giáo. Hành vi này cho phép các chúa Nguyễn thiết lập một hệ thống tín ngưỡng đồng nhất hơn bên trên sự pha trộn [mélange, tiếng Pháp trong nguyên bản, chú của người dịch] hiện hữu của Phật Giáo địa phương và các tín ngưỡng thờ thần linh. Nỗ lực đã được tăng cường bởi số lượng gia tăng của các cộng đồng người Minh hương (gốc Trung Hoa) và các đền chùa của họ (Mazu, Guandi (Quan Đế), Guanyin (Quan Âm) đã được dựng lên trong sự bành trướng lãnh địa phương nam. Suốt cho đến giữa thế kỷ thứ mười tám, hai đàng có khuynh hướng đi theo cùng một chiều hướng, mặc dù mỗi miền với biến thể địa phương riêng của nó. Tại miền bắc, chế độ vua Lê/chúa Trịnh, bất kể nhiều căng thẳng giữa hai gia đình, vẫn tiếp tục hệ thống thư lại Khổng học trung hoa được thiết lập trong thế kỷ trước (Whitmore 1999). Tiêu điểm nghi thức của nó vẫn là lễ tế Thiên tại đàn Nam Giao, và hệ thống tín ngưỡng chính thức của nó nơi các Kinh Điển và các cuộc khảo thí. Hai dòng họ nho học quan trọng, Phan Huy và Ngô Thì, xuất hiện và kết hôn với nhau. Họ đã đã sinh sản ra một số lượng các người tham gia quan trọng trong các đại biến cố của nửa sau của thế kỷ. Một học giả khác, Lê Quý Đôn (1726-1784), đã xuất hiện như nhà trí thức lớn trong thời đại của ông. Các văn nhân như thế đã tham gia vào các sứ bộ và các nghi thức của các sự trao đổi ngoại giao của Đại Việt với triều đình nhà Thanh tại Trung Hoa (Kelley 2005). Họ đã thu hái đực nhiều trong các cuộc thăm viếng của họ đến Bắc Kinh và các cuộc trao đổi của họ ở đó với giới văn nhân khác của Đông Á Châu, gồm cả người Trung Hoa và Hàn Quốc. Điều này đã xảy ra ngay dù Phật Giáo và Công Giáo La Mã vẫn tiếp tục mạnh mẽ tại triều đình và vùng thôn quê (Dror 2002), và các nhà nho như Ngô Thì Nhậm đã viết về các đề tài Phật Giáo cũng như Khổng học (Woodside 2002). Cùng lúc, tại miền nam, các sự liên kết của lãnh địa họ Nguyễn với các hải cảng Đông Nam Trung Hoa đã mang xã hội Việt Nam địa phương đến sự tiếp xúc gia tăng với các nhà nho Trung Hoa di dân (Zottoli 1999). Trạm trung chuyển ở Hà Tiên xa xôi nơi phía tây nam, kề cận với vương quốc Khmer, đã trở thành một trung tâm thương mại cũng như học thuật khi gia tộc họ Mạc [âm hán là Mok] gốc Quảng Đông ở đó đã dần dà gia nhập với chế độ của chúa Nguyễn để chống lại Thái Lan. Các học giả hậu duệ người Trung Hoa khác đã xuất hiện trong xã hội Việt-Hoa lớn mạnh tại Gia Định, bao quanh Sàigòn, ngay bên trên châu thổ sông Cửu Long. Trong thập niên 1740, chúa Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (trị vì 1738-65) đã hán hóa triều đình của ông tại Phú Xuân (Huế), thay đổi y phục quan chức và cấu trúc hành chính, khi ông tuyên cáo triều đình này ngang hàng và độc lập với triều đình của vua Lê/chúa Trịnh tại miền bắc. Điều trở thành một trường phái miền nam về chính quyền và tư tương kiểu trung hoa, chính yếu được phát huy bởi các nhà nho gốc Minh hương, sẽ định hình một cách mạnh mẽ chiều hướng của người tuyên nhận là chúa Nguyễn trong các cuộc chiến tranh với Tây Sơn, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, vào cuối thế kỷ thứ mười tám và trong chế độ của ông tại nước Việt Nam mới tái thống nhất vào đầu thế kỷ thứ mười chín (với tư cách Hoàng Đế Gia Long, trị vì 1802-1819). Các trường phái bắc và nam của tư tưởng và hành động Khổng học Việt Nam đã tụ hội cùng nhau trong phần tư đầu tiên của thế kỷ thứ mười chín khi Nguyễn Ánh đã có thể tái chinh phục miền nam từ phe Tây Sơn và và chiếm miền bắc từ tay Tây Sơn để thành lập triều đài của chính ông (1802-1945) (Dutton 2006). Bị ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ bởi trường phái miền nam và các học giả Minh hương của nó, các nhà cai trị họ Nguyễn đã hành động để thiết lập một vương quốc kiểu nhà Thanh đương đại, khi họ chuyển kinh đô và trung tâm nghi lễ từ Thăng Long (Hà Nội ngày nay) tại miền bắc về căn cứ trung ương của chính họ tại Huế (Woodside 1971/1988). Các thí dụ hay nhất của điều này là sự xây dựng kinh đô mới ở Huế theo mẫu của Bắc Kinh (kể cả địa điểm của đàn Nam Giao để tế Thiên) và bộ luật mới dựa gần như hoàn toàn trên bộ luật nhà Thanh. Khi viên chức miền bắc Phan Huy Chú (1782-1840), hậu duệ của cả hai dòng tộc nho giáo Phan Huy và Ngô Thì, biên soạn và đệ trình bản tóm tắt quan trọng của ông về kiến thức văn chương của Đại Việt cũ, kể cả các nghi lễ của nó, triều đình nhà Nguyễn chỉ để ý sơ sài đên nó. Trong khi ngày càng định hướng theo Khổng học nhiều hơn dưới thời cai trị của vị vua thứ nhì, Hoàng Đế Minh Mạng (trị vì 1820-1840), và nhấn mạnh đến nghi lễ tại đàn Nam Giao, Việt Nam đã chứng kiến Phật Giáo vẫn tiếp tục là một thành tố mạnh mẽ trong các tín ngưỡng của giới quý tộc, đặc biệt các phụ nữ (Cooke 1997). CÁC TƯ TƯỞNG VỀ NHÀ NƯỚC VÀ TÔN GIÁO TẠI ĐẠI VIỆT Những gì chúng ta nhìn thấy trong tương quan giữa tôn giáo và nhà nước xuyên qua tám thế kỷ của Đại Việt, với kinh đô của nó tại Thăng Long, đã là một khuôn mẫu biến hóa thay đổi khi bản thân các triều đại thay đổi. Sự tích lũy liên tục các khảo hướng tiến tới siêu nhiên giữa các phần tử của xã hội Việt Nam có nghĩa các khả tính khác biệt của sự lựa chọn, không chỉ giữa điều chúng ta gọi là “Phật Giáo” và “Khổng Giáo”, mà còn trong khuôn khổ của mỗi một lãnh vực rộng rãi này của tín ngưỡng. Các sự tiếp xúc với bên ngoài đã mang lại các khả tính mới về tín ngưỡng đến người Việt Nam và các biến thể mới của các hệ thống tín ngưỡng quy định cho các hoàng triều. Nghi lễ ở vào vị trí mấu chốt của quyền lực và tín ngưỡng, của con người và vũ trụ, và dường như đã có một quan hệ biến đổi với các hệ thống tín ngưỡng của giới quý tộc và cá nhân. Các nỗ lực để vừa thể hiện sự kết hợp quyền lực chính trị và sức mạnh vũ trụ, vừa cung cấp “diễn trường” cho quần chúng, hòa nhập khi nhiều khi ít hơn với ý thức hệ của giới tinh hoa. Bài học chính về tôn giáo và nhà nước tại Đại Việt rõ ràng đã là bản chất thay đổi của nó khi các hoàng triều tìm cách thiết lập các chế độ chính trị của họ trong các phường cách đã kết hợp vũ trụ và nhân dân để tao ra tình trạng tốt đẹp hơn của vương quốc. Không có lúc nào trước thế kỷ thứ hai mươi lại có xuất hiện ở đó bất kỳ trật tự tôn giáo định chế hay cấu trúc nào có thể hoặc thay thế hay chống lại (cấu kết hay đụng độ) chính quyền. Các định chế cá nhân, vô số đền chùa, miễu thờ, hay các học xá, đã hiện diện và tương tác với các chính quyền địa phương và trung ương theo các cách khác nhau. Điều cần nghiêm chỉnh nghiên cứu là truyền thống kinh tế của các cộng đồng tôn giáo (như đã có cho Miến Điện; Aung-Thwin 1985). Khởi đầu trong các thế kỷ thứ mười và mười một và cho đến thế kỷ thứ mười tám (Trần 2004), chúng ta cần ước lượng phương thức mà các các đền chùa đã phát triển về mặt kinh tế như thế nào và sự phát triển của chúng đã tương tác với nhà nước ra sao. Trong nhiều thế kỷ, bất kể khuôn mẫu ý thức hệ thay đổi của các hoàng triều biến chuyển, các đền chùa này tiếp tục nhận được các sự tặng dữ thuộc nhiều loại khác nhau, kể cả đất đai và sản phẩm của nó. Sự bảo trì các đền chùa đã diễn ra như thế nào? Những loại nhân lực nào đã gắn liền với chúng? Đây là những câu hỏi vẫn còn cần được khảo sát. Câu hỏi còn lại: Đâu là các quan hệ hiện hữu giữa các sự sùng bái của hoàng gia, các ý thức hệ của các giới quý tộc, và các tín ngưỡng cá nhân và quần chúng? Khởi thủy, như các nơi khác trong thời kỳ tổ chức của Đông Nam Á, sự tôn sùng hoàng gia nhà Lý tục uống máu ăn thề và thờ Đế Thích có nghĩa mở rộng cái dù che chở của nó lên trên các chùa Phật Giáo và các địa phương với sự thớ cúng thần linh của chúng. Nhà Trần hậu duệ Trung Hoa đã duy trì sự sùng bái hoàng gia nhà Lý ngay dù nó có mang lại các trường phái về Thiền và về tư tưởng cổ điển. Sau rốt, các vị vua nhà Trần, được tiếp nối bởi nhà Hồ, đã cố gắng áp dụng các trường phái tư tưởng này để chữa trị các bệnh tật của vương quốc. Nhà Hồ, được tiếp nối bởi nhà Lê và nhà Mạc, đã lụa chọn hệ thống Khổng học trung hoa và đàn tế thiên Nam Giao. Song, nơi nhà Lý và nhà Trần có tư tửởng nho gia [tiếng Việt trong nguyênbản, chú của người dịch] hiện hữu bên cạnh Phật Giáo ưu thắng, nhà Lê và nhà Mạc đã có Phật Giáo (và sau này Công Giáo La Mã) cũng phát triển trong phạm vi cá nhân. Tại cấp làng xã, xuyên qua tất cả các thế kỷ này, các sự sùng bái địa phương và đền chùa tiếp tục phát triển trong các tình trạng năng động của chúng, bị ảnh hưởng ít nhiều bởi các hệ thống tín ngưỡng thay đổi của các triều đình, các giới quý tộc thay đổi, và các loại văn nhân khác nhau. Một phần, khuôn mẫu tôn giáo, nghi lễ, và hoàng triều tại Đại Việt phù hợp với khuôn mẫu của Đông Nam Á nói chung (Lieberman 2003). Xảy ra trước tiên là khuôn mẫu thời kỳ tổ chức của các chính thể Phật Giáo Ấn Độ được tưởng nhớ với các sự sùng bái hoàng triều mang ý nghĩa che chở và bao gồm hàng loạt tôn giáo của vô số địa phương. Các chính thể này đặt cơ sở tại các phần trung lưu của các thung lũng của chúng. Kế đó, với làn sóng mậu dịch Á Châu của thế kỷ thứ mười một đến thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, các lực lượng duyên hải (từ phía đông, Vân Đồn tại Đại Việt, Thị Nại tại xứ Chàm, về phía tây, Ayudhya, Pegu, cũng như Majapahit trên đảo Java) đã dẫn đến các sự thay đổi trong quyền lực và sự gia nhập của các khuôn mẫu tôn giáo mới khắp vùng. Với sự tan vỡ của các chính thể thời kỳ tổ chức và tầm quan trọng gia tăng của mậu dịch quốc tế, khuôn mẫu mới của các tôn giáo dựa trên kinh sách (Phật Giáo Tiểu Thừa, Hồi Giáo, Khổng học, và sau cùng Công Giáo La Mã) với các bộ luật phổ thông nghiêm ngặt hơn về đạo đức được truyền bá khắp Đông Nam Á với các hậu quả kéo dài đến ngay nay. Trong kỷ nguyên hiên đại ban sơ này, một giới văn nhân thế tục gia tăng đã hành động để mang “tính khả dĩ đọc được: legibility” (ghi chép các tài nguyên nhân sự và vật chất) và năng lực quản trị gia tăng đối với các vương quốc của họ. Điều này bao gồm các bộ luật và các biên niên sử ký với các nội dung tôn giáo của chúng để quy định và xác định các vương quốc liên quan của các chinh thể này (Whitmore 2009a). Một cách đáng chú ý, vương quốc phía nam của Việt Nam (sẽ trở thành triều đại nhà Ngutyễn) trong thế kỷ thứ mười tám đã có sự lựa chọn của nó giữa hai hệ thống tín ngưỡng, Phật Giao Đại Thừa (Mahayana Buddhist) (Thiền) và Khổng học. Dần dần, Khổng học đã trở nên hệ thống được ưa thích hơn, khi Nguyễn Ánh, tức hoàng đế Gia Long tương lai, đã đặt sang một bên khả tính Phật Giáo (cũng như Công Giáo La Mã) để đặt tiêu điểm trên mô hình nghi lễ và hành chính của nhà Thanh đương đại. Tổng quát, chúng ta cần khảo sát nhiều hơn nữa các sự phức tạp của các quan hệ giữa niềm tin tôn giáo và sự hành đạo giữa các cá nhân ở mọi trình độ với niềm tin và sự hành đạo của triều đình và nhà nước./- _____ Nguồn: John K. Whitmore, Religion and Ritual in the Royal Courts of Đại Việt, Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 128, National University of Singapore, Tháng Mười Hai 2009, các trang 7-19. Ngô Bắc dịch và phụ chú 18.11.2013 submitted by T-NNguyen to T_NNguyen [link] [comments] |
2023.06.03 04:01 ANX555 List of Aircraft (and Trains) featured on Mayday that were repaired after their Incidents and what became of them
United 811 (N4713U)- Re-registered to N4724U after being repaired and flew for United until 1997 then flew with Air Dabia until airline collapsed with aircraft being abandoned in 2001 and scrapped in 2004 for spare parts.
Air Transat 236 (C-GITS)- Flew with Air Transat until March 2020 when it was place into storage due to COVID-19. Made its last flight on Oct 18, 2021 and is currently stored at Pinal Airpark re-registered as N271AD
British 5390 (G-BJPT)- Flew with British Airways until 1993 when it was sold to Jaro International and flew with them until they ceased operations in 2001 with aircraft being scrapped in 2002
FedEx 705 (N306FE)- Upgraded to MD-10 in 2008 and continued to fly with FedEx until Dec 31, 2022. Currently there is a petition to preserve the aircraft.
Philippine Airlines 434 (EI-BWF)- Converted into Cargo Configuration and flew with several air cargo companies until it was stored in 2007 at Châteauroux-Centre "Marcel Dassault" Airport
British 009 (G-BDXH)- Flew with British Airways until 2002 then was sold to European Aircharter and was later taken out of service in 2004 and was scrapped in 2009
Eastwind 517 (N221US)- Flew with Eastwind Airlines until they ceased operations in 1999 and was later scrapped in 2000
China 006 (N4522V)- Flew with China Airlines and later Mandarin Airlines until Dec 31, 1997 then was place in storage at Las Vegas. In 2001 it was purchased by Global Peace Initiative for Disaster Aid however in 2005 it had its operating certificate revoked due to poor maintenance and has been parked at Tijuana International Airport ever since.
Air Canada 143 (C-GAUN)-Flew with Air Canada until Jan 1, 2008 and was flown out to the Mojave Desert where it stayed until being scrapped in early 2014
American 96 (N103AA)- Flew with American Airlines until Oct 1993 and was placed into storage until being scrapped in Aug 2002
ExcelAire N600XL- Stayed at Cachimbo Airport until Nov 2010 when it was delivered to Cloudscape Inc. and in Jan 2013 was sold to First Jet then to FlyMex in Nov 2019 which it currently flies for as XA-FLY
Northwest 85 (N661US)- Flew with Northwest until they merged into Delta and flew with Delta until being retired in 2015. Aircraft is now preserved at Delta Flight Museum
TACA 110 (N75356)- Flew with TACA until Mar 1989 when it was acquired by Aviateca then American West in April 1991, Morris Air in Jan 1993, and Southwest in Jan 1995. Aircraft flew with Southwest until being retired in Dec 2016 and was placed into storage at Pinal Airpark.
Reeve Aleutian 8 (N1968R)- Flew with Reeve Aleutian until they ceased in 2000 and aircraft was later sold to Air Spray (1967) registered as C-GHZI to be used as a firefighting craft in which it is currently in service as. On Aug 23, 2020 aircraft sustained minor damage after hitting trees while dropping retardant load.
Hurricane Hunters NOAA42 (N42RF)- Continues to fly as a Hurricane Hunter
Qantas 32 (VH-OQA)- Continued to fly for Qantas until Mar 2020 and has been parked ever since with the expectation of being moved between airfields on a few occasions
Qantas 72 (VH-QPA)- Continues to fly for Qantas
Cathay Pacific 780 (B-HLL)- Flew with Cathay Pacific until Jan 2012 then flew for Dragonair and Cathay Dragon until Oct 2020 and was later scrapped in Nov 2021
Northwest 299 (N278US)- Flew with Northwest until 1995 then Kitty Hawk Airways until being scrapped in 2011
Loganair 6780 (G-LGNO)- Flew with Loganair until 2020, now flies with NyxAir as ES-NSE
USAF Whale 05 (58-0013)- Flew with the US Air Force until being stored in 2007 at Davis-Monthan AFB
TWA 841 (N840TW)- Flew with TWA until 1988 then Re-registered to N220NE and flew with Jet East, Express One International, Emery Worldwide, Charter America, and Tropical Air Trading Company before being stored in 2009
American 1572 (N566AA)- Flew with American until being stored in 2017
Sichuan 8633 (B-6419)- Continues to fly for Sichuan Airlines
Balkan Bulgarian 013 (LZ-AND)- Stored sometime between 1996 and 2004 then scrapped in 2011
Even though these aren't aircraft I decided to include as they were featured on Mayday
San Bernardino train disaster (helper units SP 8317 & SP 7443)- SP 8317 was sold to Precision National and continued to be in service until being scrapped in 2013. SP 7443 continued to work for Southern Pacific until March 2000 then it was rebuilt and renumbered to 5313 and now works for MRS Logística
Hinton Train Collision (Via Rail unit FP9ARM 6300)- Rebuilt after collision and continued to work with Via Rail until September 2011 then was acquired by British Columbia Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society
Let me know if there's anything I missed
submitted by
ANX555 to
aircrashinvestigation [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 03:24 wtfwafflezor (Selling) 800 Titles Dungeons & Dragons Vudu HD iTunes 4K $8 Batman 2022 Vudu HD $2.50
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10 Cloverfield Lane (2016) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
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American Made (2017) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $4.25
American Sniper (2014) (MA/4K) $6.50
Amsterdam (2022) (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $3.75
Amy (2015) (Vudu/HD) $6
Anastasia (1997) (MA/HD) $6.25
Angel Has Fallen (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.25
Angel Heart (1987) (Vudu/4K) $6
Anna (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Annihilation (2018) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $2.50
Antebellum (2020) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Ant-Man (2015) (MA/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.25
Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) (MA/4K) $8 (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (GP/HD) $3.25
Antz (1998) (MA/HD) $5.75
Apocalypse Now (3 Versions) (Vudu/4K) $6.50
Apollo 13 (1995) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $4.75
Aqua Teen Forever: Plantasm (2022) (MA/HD) $4.75
Arctic (2019) (MA/HD) $5.75
Arnold Schwarzenegger 6-Movie (Vudu/HD) $13.50
Arrival (2016) (Vudu/4K) $6.75 (Vudu/HD) $2.25 (iTunes/4K) $4
Assassination Nation (2018) (MA/HD) $4.75
Assassin's Creed (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2
Atomic Blonde (2017) (MA/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) $3.25 (MA/HD) $2.25
Avengers Collection 1-4 (MA/4K) $25 (iTunes/4K) $20 (GP/HD) $7.75
Baby Driver (2017) (MA/HD) $3.75
Babylon (2022) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Back to the Future Collection 1-3 (MA/4K) $15 (MA/HD) $7.50
Bad Boys Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $12
Bad Boys for Life (2020) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $3.50
Bad Guys, The (2022) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $4.25
Bad Times at The El Royale (2018) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $5.75
Band of Brothers (2001) (GP/HD) $3.75 No Port
Banshees of Inisherin (2022) (GP/HD) $4.50
Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar (2021) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5
Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons (2022) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $4.50
Batman Year One (2011) (MA/4K) $5
Batman, The (2022) (MA/4K) $5.25 (MA/HD) $2.50
Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham (2022) (MA/4K) $7.50
Batman: The Long Halloween Deluxe Edition (2022) (MA/HD) $6
Battle: Los Angeles (2011) (MA/4K) $6.50
Battleship (2012) (MA/4K) $4.50 (MA/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/4K) $3
Baywatch (2017) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $2 (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Beast (2022) (MA/HD) $5.75
Being John Malkovich (1999) (MA/HD) $4
Belly (1998) (Vudu/4K) $4.75
Beverly Hills Cop (1984) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Big Hero 6 (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $1.50
Big Short (2015) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.25
Birdman (2014) (MA/HD) $4.75
Birth of the Dragon (2017) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.25
Black Adam (2022) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $4.25
Black Panther (2018) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $4.25 (GP/HD) $1.75
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $2.50
Black Widow (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $3.25
Blacklight (2022) (MA/HD) $4.25
Blindspotting (2018) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.75
Blues Brothers + Unrated (1980) (MA/4K) $7
Bob's Burgers Movie (2022) (MA/HD) $3.25 (GP/HD) $2.25
Bodies Bodies Bodies (2022) (Vudu/4K) $6.75
Bodyguard, The (1992) (MA/HD) $5
Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) (MA/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $3.25
Bond: Skyfall (2012) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (Vudu/HD) $1
Book Club (2018) (Vudu/HD) $2 (iTunes/4K) $1
Born a Champion (2021) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Boss Baby (2017) & Family Business (2021) (MA/HD) $5.75
Boss Baby (2017) (MA/HD) $1.50
Bourne Collection 1-5 (MA/4K) $25 (iTunes/4K) $19 (MA/HD) $15
Boxtrolls, The (2014) (iTunes/HD) $4.75
Brave (2012) (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (GP/HD) $4.50
Braveheart (1995) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (Vudu/HD) $5
Breakfast Club (1985) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5.25
Breakfast Club (1985), Weird Science (2008), Sixteen Candles (1984) (MA/HD) $11.50
Breakthrough (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50
Bridesmaids (2011) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3.50
Brightburn (2019) (MA/HD) $6.75
Bullet to the Head (2013) (MA/HD) $3
Bullet Train (2022) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $4.25
Bumblebee (2018) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/4K) $2
Cabin in the Woods (2012) (iTunes/4K) $2.75 (Vudu/HD) $2
Call of the Wild (2020) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $1.50 (GP/HD) $1.25
Candyman (2020) (MA/HD) $4.50
Captain Fantastic (2016) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4
Captain Marvel (2019) (MA/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) $4 (GP/HD) $1.75
Card Counter, The (2021) (MA/HD) $5
Casablanca (1943) (MA/4K) $6.25
Case for Christ, The (2017) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Celebrating Mickey (2018) (MA/HD) $5.50
Chaos Walking (2021) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5
Chappie (2015) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75
Charlie's Angels (2000) (MA/4K) $7.75
Charlie's Angels (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Chasing Amy (1997) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
Chicago (2002) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5
Choice, The (2016) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.25
Christopher Robin (2018) (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $4
Chronicle (2012) (MA/HD) $4.50
Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) (MA/HD) $7
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007) (MA/HD) $6.50 (GP/HD) $5
Clerks III (2022) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Cloverfield (2008) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.75
Coco (2017) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) $5.25 (GP/HD) $2.25
Cold Pursuit (2019) (Vudu/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Coming to America (1988) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Commuter (2018) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Conan The Barbarian (2011) (Vudu/4K) $5
Constantine: The House of Mystery (2022) (MA/HD) $3.50
Contractor (2022) (Vudu/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Courier, The (2020) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Crash (2004) (Vudu/HD) $5.25
Crawl (2019) (Vudu/HD) $3 (iTunes/4K) $2
Creed Collection 1-3 (Vudu/HD) $13
Creed III (2023) (Vudu/4K) $10
Croods (2013) & A New Age (2020) (MA/HD) $6.75
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001) (MA/4K) $7.75
Cruella (2021) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $3.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Daddy's Home 1-2 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.25
Dances With Wolves (1990) (Vudu/HD) $6
Daniel Craig Collection 5-Movie (Vudu/4K) $20
Dark Tower (2017) (MA/HD) $3
Dark Waters (2019) (MA/HD) $5.75
Darkest Hour (2017) (MA/HD) $3
Dawn of The Planet of The Apes (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4
Day After Tomorrow (2004) (MA/HD) $6.75
DC League of Super-Pets (2022) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $5
Deadpool (2016) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2
Deadpool 2 (2018) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $3.25
Death on the Nile (2022) (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $3.50
Deepwater Horizon (2016) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Dentist Collection 1-2 (1996-1998) (Vudu/HD) $5.25
Detective Knight Collection 1-3 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $15 $5.75 Each
Devotion (2022) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010) (MA/HD) $4.50
Die Hard (1988) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $4
Die Hard 1-5 (MA/HD) $16 $4.75 Each
Dirty Dancing (1987) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Dirty Grandpa (2016) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
District 9 (2009) (MA/4K) $6.50
Django Unchained (2012) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Do the Right Thing (1989) (MA/4K) $6
Doctor Strange (2016) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) $4 (MA/HD) $3.50 (GP/HD) $1.75
Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $2.75 (GP/HD) $2
Dog (2022) (Vudu/HD) $3
Dolittle (2020) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $3.50
Don't Worry Darling (2022) (MA/HD) $5.50
Doors (1991) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Dora and the Lost City of Gold (2019) (Vudu/HD) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $4.25
Downsizing (2017) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.25
Downton Abbey (2019) (MA/HD) $5.50
Downton Abbey: A New Era (2022) (MA/HD) $3.75
Dr. Seuss' How The Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) (iTunes/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $5
Dracula 2000 (2000), II: Ascension (2003) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $10.50
Dracula Untold (2014) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/4K) $4
Draft Day (2014) (Vudu/HD) $3.25 (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Dragged Across Concrete (2019) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Dragonheart 5-Movie (MA/HD) $15
Drive (2011) (MA/HD) $4.25
Dumbo (2019) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $5.25 (GP/HD) $2.50
Dune (2021) (MA/4K) $5.50
Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves (2023) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $8
Dunkirk (2017) (MA/4K) $6.50
Dying of the Light (2014) (Vudu/HD) $2.25
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $3
Earth Girls Are Easy (1988) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Edward Scissorhands (1990) (MA/HD) $3
Eighth Grade (2018) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Elvis (2022) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4
Elysium (2013) & District 9 (2009) (MA/HD) $7.75
Elysium (2013) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.25
Emoji Movie (2017) (MA/HD) $2.25
Encanto (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) (GP/4K) $3.50
Epic (2013) (MA/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/SD) $1.25
Equalizer 2 (2018) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $2.75
Escape from L.A (1996) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
Eternals (2021) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3
Everest (2015) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3 (iTunes/4K) $4
Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) (Vudu/4K) $7.50
Ex Machina (2015) (Vudu/4K) $6.50 (Vudu/HD) $4
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3
Expendables 1-3 (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021) (GP/HD) $4.25
F9: The Fast Saga + Director's Cut (2021) (MA/4K) $5.25 (MA/HD) $3.25
Fabelmans (2022) (MA/HD) $6.50
Fahrenheit 451 (2018) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3
Fantastic Beasts Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $7.75
Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022) (MA/4K) $5.25 (MA/HD) $3
Fantastic Four (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.50
Farewell, The (2019) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Fast & Furious Collection 1-9 (MA/HD) $10
Fatale (2020) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Father Stu (2022) (MA/HD) $5.50
Fatherhood (2021) (MA/HD) $3.75
Fault in Our Stars (2014) (MA/HD) $1.75
Fences (2016) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.75
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $6
Field of Dreams (1989) (MA/4K) $7.50 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $6
Fifth Element (1997) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $6
Fifty Shades of Grey 3-Movie + Unrated (MA/HD) $9.75
Finding Dory (2016) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (GP/HD) $1.25
Finding Nemo (2003) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $5.25 (GP/HD) $3
Finest Hours, The (2016) (MA/HD) $6.25 (GP/HD) $3.75
First Cow (2019) (Vudu/HD) $6.50
First Man (2018) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4.25
Flashdance (1983) (Vudu/4K) $6.75
Flatliners (2017) (MA/HD) $4.25
Footloose (2011) (Vudu/HD) $5 (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Ford v Ferrari (2019) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $4.75
Forever My Girl (2018) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
Forrest Gump (1994) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Fox and the Hound (1981) (MA/HD) $6.50 (GP/HD) $5
Frankenstein (1931) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Free Guy (2021) (MA/4K) $7.50 (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $3.25
Fruitvale Station (2014) (Vudu/HD) $4
Full Metal Jacket (1987) (MA/4K) $6.50
Fury (2014) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.50
G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Gamer (2009) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Gemini Man (2019) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) (MA/HD) $6.75
Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021) (MA/4K) $7.50 (MA/HD) $3.50
Girl on the Train (2016) (iTunes/4K) $2.25 (MA/HD) $2.50
Gladiator (2000) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5
Glass (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.50
Glory (1989) (MA/4K) $7.75
Godfather Trilogy (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $14
Gods of Egypt (2016) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (Vudu/HD) $2 (iTunes/4K) $1.50
Godzilla (1998) (MA/4K) $6.50
Good Will Hunting (1997) (Vudu/HD) $5.25
Goosebumps 2 (2018) (MA/4K) $7.50 (MA/HD) $6.50
Gotti (2018) (Vudu/HD) $2
Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) (MA/HD) $3.75
Grease (1978), 2 (1982), Live! (2016) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $14
Greatest Showman (2017) (MA/HD) $2.25
Green Book (2018) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $5
Green Hornet (2011) (MA/HD) $6.50
Green Knight (2021) (Vudu/4K) $5.50
Green Lantern: Beware My Power (2022) (MA/HD) $3
Green Mile, The (1999) (MA/4K) $6
Greta (2019) (MA/HD) $5.25
Grey, The (2012) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Groundhog Day (1993) (MA/4K) $8
Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $4.75 (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $1.75
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $4.25 (GP/HD) $1.25
Hacksaw Ridge (2016) (Vudu/4K) $4.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Halloween (2018) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4.25
Halloween Ends (2022) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4.50
Halloween Kills (2021) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $4.25
Hancock (2008) (MA/4K) $6.50
Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Hardcore Henry (2016) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Harriet (2019) (MA/HD) $4.25
Hate U Give (2018) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $4.50
Haunting in Connecticut (2009) (Vudu/HD) $6.50
Heat, The (2013) (MA/HD) $2.25 (iTunes/SD) $1
Heat: Director's Definitive Edition (1995) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $5.25
Heaven is for Real (2014) (MA/HD) $2.75
Heavy Metal (1981) (MA/4K) $6.50
Hell Fest (2018) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Hell or High Water (2016) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (Vudu/HD) $2.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Hellboy (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.25
Hellboy (Director's Cut) (2004) (MA/4K) $6.50
Hercules (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Hereditary (2018) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Highlander (1986) (Vudu/4K) $5
Hitman's Bodyguard (2017) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard (2021) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.75
Hobbs & Shaw (2019) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $3.75
Hocus Pocus (1993) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $2.25
Holmes And Watson (2018) (MA/HD) $3.75
Home (2015) (MA/HD) $2
Home Alone 1-2 (MA/HD) $7.50
Hope Springs (2012) (MA/HD) $2.50
Hostiles (2017) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Hotel Mumbai (2019) (MA/HD) $5.25
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4.50
House of 1,000 Corpses (2003), Devil's Rejects (2005), 3 From Hell (2019) (Vudu/HD) $6
House of the Dragon: Season 1 (2022) (Vudu/4K) $9 (Vudu/HD) $5.50
House with a Clock in Its Walls (2018) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $3.75
How to Train Your Dragon (2010) (MA/4K) $6.50
How to Train Your Dragon Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $7.50 $4.75 Each
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $4.25
Howard the Duck (1986) (MA/4K) $7
Hunger Games Collection 1-4 (Vudu/HD) $6 (iTunes/4K) $12
Hunt for Red October (1990) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Hunter Killer (2018) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Hurt Locker (2008) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Hustle, The (2019) (iTunes/4K) $2.75
Hustlers (2019) (iTunes/4K) $3
I Feel Pretty (2018) (iTunes/HD) $1
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007) (MA/HD) $4
I See You (2019) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
I, Frankenstein (2014) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $1.75
I, Tonya (2017) (MA/HD) $5.75
If I Stay (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Imitation Game, The (2014) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks (2017) (iTunes/HD) $3.50
In the Heights (2021) (MA/4K) $5
Incredible Hulk (2008) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $5.25
Incredibles (2004) (MA/4K) $7.75 (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (GP/HD) $4.75
Incredibles 2 (2018) (MA/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2
Independence Day (1996) (MA/4K) $7.75 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.50
Indiana Jones 1-4 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $20
Infinite (2021) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5
Inglorious Bastards (2009) (MA/4K) $7
Inside Out (2015) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $4.25 (GP/HD) $1.50
Instant Family (2018) (Vudu/HD) $2 (iTunes/4K) $1.50
Insurgent (2015) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.25 (Vudu/HD) $3.50
Interstellar (2014) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $5.75 (Vudu/HD) $4
Invisible Man (2020) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75
Iron Man (2008) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $7 (GP/HD) $3
Iron Man 1-3 (MA/4K) $21 (iTunes/4K) $16 (GP/HD) $7.50
Iron Man 2 (2010) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $6.50 (GP/HD) $3
Iron Man 3 (2013) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $3 (MA/HD) $2.25 (GP/HD) $1.50
Iron Man and Hulk: Heroes United (2013) (MA/HD) $5.50
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) (Vudu/HD) $6.75
It's a Wonderful Life (1946) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5
Jack and Jill (2011), Just Go with IT (2011) & That's My Boy (2012) (MA/SD) $9
Jack Reacher Collection 1-2 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $7
Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016) (Vudu/4K) $5.50 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Jackass Forever (2022) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4
Jaws (1975) (MA/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.75
Jaws (1975) Jaws 2 (1978) Jaws 3 (1983) Jaws: The Revenge (1987) (MA/HD) $15.50
Jexi (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Jigsaw (2017) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2
JOBS (2013) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
John Wick Collection 1-3 (Vudu/4K) $16.50 (iTunes/4K) $14.50 (Vudu/HD) $8
John Wick: Chapter 3 - Parabellum (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4
Judy (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Juice (1992) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Jumanji (1995) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $6
Jumanji: Next Level (2019) & Welcome to the Jungle (2017) (MA/HD) $7.50
Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $5.50
Jumanji: Welcome To The Jungle (2017) (MA/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $2 (MA/SD) $1
Jungle Book (1967) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $4
Jungle Book (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
Jungle Book 2 (2003) (MA/HD) $6.50 (GP/HD) $5.50
Jungle Cruise (2021) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $3
Jurassic Park (1993) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $3
Jurassic Park III (2001) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $3.50
Jurassic Park: The Lost World (1997) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $3
Jurassic World (2015) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $2.75
Jurassic World Collection 1-5 (MA/4K) $20 (iTunes/4K) $17.50 (MA/HD) $10
Jurassic World Collection 1-6 (MA/4K) $23.50 (MA/HD) $11.50
Jurassic World: Dominion + Extended Cut (2022) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.25
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $1.75
Justice League x RWBY Super Heroes and Huntsmen Part One (2023) (MA/HD) $4
Justice Society: World War II (2021) (MA/4K) $5.50
Kick-Ass (2010) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Kid Who Would Be King (2019) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $4.75
Kid, The (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.25
Killing Kennedy (2013) (MA/HD) $6.50
Kin (2018) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
King Kong (2005) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $3.50
Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.25
Knight and Day (2010) (MA/HD) $6.50
Knives Out (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.25
Kung Fu Panda Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $12.50
La La Land (2016) (Vudu/HD) $2.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Lady and the Tramp (1955) (MA/HD) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3.75
Last Duel, The (2021) (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $4
Last Night in Soho (2021) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $5.75
Last Witch Hunter (2015) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Last Word (2017) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4.75
Law Abiding Citizen (2009) (Vudu/4K) $7
Legion of Super Heroes (2023) (MA/HD) $5.50
Leprechaun Collection 1-7 (Vudu/HD) $14
Les Miserables (1998) (MA/HD) $7
Life of Pi (2012) (MA/HD) $2.50
Lightyear (2022) (MA/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $2.75 (GP/HD) $2
Lilo & Stitch (2002) & Stitch Has a Glitch (2005) (MA/HD) $10.50 (GP/HD) $6
Lincoln Lawyer (2011) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Little (2019) (MA/HD) $4.50
Little Mermaid (1989) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3.75
Live Die Repeat: Edge Of Tomorrow (2014) (MA/4K) $6.50
Lock Up (1989) (Vudu/4K) $5
Logan (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Lone Ranger (2013) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Lone Survivor (2013) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $2 (MA/HD) $1.50
Looper (2012) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $3
Lord of War (2005) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Lost City, The (2022) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
Love and Monsters (2020) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $7
Luca (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $3.25
Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile (2022) (MA/HD) $5.50
Mad Max Collection 1-4 (Vudu/4K) $20
Madagascar Collection 1-4 (MA/HD) $14
Magnificent Seven (2016) (Vudu/4K) $6 (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Maleficent (2014) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3 (GP/HD) $1.25
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (2019) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (GP/HD) $1.75
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $1.75
Man on a Ledge (2012) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Marry Me (2022) (MA/HD) $6.50
Marshall (2017) (MA/HD) $4.75
Martian - Extended Cut (2015) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $5.25
Martian (Theatrical) (2015) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $3.25
Mary Poppins Returns (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2
Matrix: Resurrections (2021) (MA/4K) $5
Maze Runner (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.50
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $6
Mechanic: Resurrection (2016) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Megan Leavey (2017) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $1.75
Memory (2022) (MA/HD) $3.50
Men (2022) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Men in Black (1997) (MA/HD) $6.50
Men in Black 3 (2012) (MA/HD) $2.50
Men in Black Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $15.50
Men in Black II (2002) (MA/HD) $6.75
Menu (2022) (MA/HD) $5.50 (GP/HD) $4
MIB: International (2019) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $4.75
Mickey & Minnie 10 Classic Shorts - Volume 1 (2023) (MA/HD) $5.75 (GP/HD) $4
Midway (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4
Mile 22 (2018) (iTunes/4K) $1.75
Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022) & Minions (2015) (MA/HD) $8
Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $5.25
Miss Bala (2019) (MA/HD) $3.75
Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2
Mission: Impossible Collection 1-6 (Vudu/4K) $25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $20
Mission: Impossible Fallout (2018) (Vudu/4K) $2.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Moana (2016) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $2
Moneyball (2011) (MA/HD) $2.75
Monster Hunter (2020) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4.25
Monsters University (2013) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3.50
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) (MA/4K) $7.25
Moonfall (2022) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5
Moonlight (2016) (Vudu/HD) $4
Moonrise Kingdom (2012) (MA/HD) $4.75
Morbius (2022) (MA/4K) $5.25 (MA/HD) $3.25 (MA/SD) $2.25
Mortal Engines (2018) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $3.25
Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind (2022) (MA/HD) $5.50
Mother's Day (2016) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014) (MA/HD) $3.25
Mulan (1998) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3
Mulan (2020) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $2.25
Mulan 2 (2005) (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $2.75
Mummy, The (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Muppets Most Wanted (2014) (MA/HD) $6.25 (GP/HD) $4.50
Murder on The Orient Express (2017) (MA/HD) $2.75
My Boss's Daughter (2003) (Vudu/HD) $6
My Little Pony: The Movie (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.25
National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $5.25
Natural, The (1984) (MA/4K) $5
New Mutants (2020) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
News of the World (2020) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $3.75
Night at the Museum 3-Movie (MA/HD) $13.50 $6 Each (MA/SD) $9
Night School (Extended) (2018) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $3.75
Nightmare Alley (2021) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
Noah (2014) (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Nope (2022) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $5.75
Nope (2022), Get Out (2017) & Us (2019) (MA/HD) $10
Northman (2022) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $4.50
Notting Hill (1999) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
Now You See Me 1-2 (Vudu/HD) $4 (iTunes/HD) $6.50
Nut Job (2014) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $1.75
Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $3 (GP/HD) $2.50
Oblivion (2013) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (MA/HD) $2.25
Office Space (1999) (MA/HD) $7
Once Upon A Time... In Hollywood (2019) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $5
One Direction: This is Us + Extended Fan Edition (2013) (MA/HD) $3.25
Only The Brave (2017) (MA/HD) $5.50
Onward (2020) (MA/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $2.25
Operation Finale (2018) (iTunes/4K) $2.75
Ouija (2014) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Our Kind of Traitor (2016) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Overlord (2018) (Vudu/4K) $5 (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/4K) $4
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) (MA/HD) $2 (GP/HD) $1
Pacific Rim Uprising (2018) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $4.50
Parasite (2019) (MA/HD) $4.75
Passengers (2016) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $2.75
Paterno (2018) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
Patriot Games (1992) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Patriots Day (2017) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Paul, Apostle Of Christ (2018) (MA/HD) $4.50
Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank (2022) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $6
Peanuts Movie (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.25
Pearl (2022) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Penguins of Madagascar (2014) (MA/HD) $2.75
Pet Sematary (1989) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $4 (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Pet Sematary (2019) (Vudu/4K) $4.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Pete’s Dragon (2016) (MA/HD) $6.25 (GP/HD) $4.25
Peter Pan (1953) (MA/HD) $6.25 (GP/HD) $4.75
Peter Pan: Return to Neverland (2002) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $4.50
Peter Rabbit (2018) & 2 (2021) (MA/HD) $8.50 $4.75 Each
Peter Rabbit (2018) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $4.75
Philadelphia (1993) (MA/4K) $7.75
Pineapple Express (Unrated Edition) (2008) (MA/HD) $6.50
Pitch Black - Unrated Director's Cut (2000) (MA/HD) $6
Pitch Perfect (2012) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Pitch Perfect Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $11.50
Pixels (2015) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Planet of the Apes 1-3 (Newer) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $12
Power Rangers (2017) (Vudu/4K) $5.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.25 (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Precious (2009) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $6.25
Predator (1987), 2 (1990), Predators (2009), Predator (2018) (MA/HD) $11
Predator (2018) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $3.50
Pretty in Pink (1986) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.75
Prey for the Devil (2022) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
Priceless (2016) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $5
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016) (MA/HD) $6.50
Prophecy Collection 1-5 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $14.50
Protege, The (2021) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.75
Proud Mary (2018) (MA/HD) $4.25
Psycho (1960), Rear Window (1954), The Birds (1963), Vertigo (1958) (MA/4K) $17
Pulp Fiction (1994) (Vudu/4K) $5.50 (Vudu/HD) $4.25 (iTunes/HD) $5.25
Punisher, The (2004) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (Vudu/HD) $5.25
Punisher: War Zone (2008) (Vudu/4K) $5.75
Purge, The (2013) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3
Purge: Anarchy (2014) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.75
Puss in Boots (2011) (MA/4K) $6.75
Queen of Katwe (2016) (MA/HD) $3.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Raid 2 (2014) (MA/HD) $5.75
Raid: Redemption + Unrated (2012) (MA/HD) $5.75
Rambo Collection 1-5 (Vudu/HD) $12.50
Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Ready or Not (2019) (MA/HD) $6.25
Red (2010) (Vudu/4K) $6.25
Red 2 (2013) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Red Sparrow (2018) (MA/HD) $4.50
Replicas (2019) (Vudu/4K) $5.50
Requiem for a Dream - Director's Cut (2000) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Rescuers, The (1977) (MA/HD) $6.50
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2017) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $3.25
Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.50
Revenant, The (2015) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3.25
Rhythm Section (2020) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Richard Jewell (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50
Riddick Collection 1-3 (Unrated) (MA/HD) $14
Ride Along 1-2 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5 $2.75 Each
Rings (2017) (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Rise of the Guardians (2012) (MA/HD) $3.25
Robin Hood (2010) (MA/4K) $6.25
Robin Hood (2018) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
RoboCop (2014) (Vudu/HD) $2
Rocketman (2019) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) $2.50 (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) (MA/HD) $5.25
Rogue (2020) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $3.50
Roman J. Israel, Esq. (2017) (MA/HD) $3.50
Ron's Gone Wrong (2021) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $3.50
Rookie of the Year (1993) (MA/HD) $7.50
Room (2015) (Vudu/HD) $5
Rough Night (2017) (MA/HD) $4.25
Rumble (2022) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Run Lola Run (1998) (MA/HD) $6.50
Same Kind of Different as Me (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2
Sandlot, The (1993) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5
Saturday Night Fever (1977) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Sausage Party (2016) (MA/HD) $4.75
Savages (2012) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $2.25
Saving Private Ryan (1998) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Saw (2004) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Saw Collection 1-7 (Vudu/HD) $10
Scarface (1983) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.25
Scary Movie 3 (2003) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4
Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $3
Schindler's List (1993) (MA/HD) $4.75
Scott Pilgrim vs. The World (2010) (MA/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $5.25
Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (2015) (Vudu/HD) $3.75 (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Scream (1996) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Scream 5 (2022) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Scream Collection 1-3 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $13.50
Secret Headquarters (2022) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $6
Secret in Their Eyes (2015) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.25
Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $5
Selma (2015) (Vudu/HD) $3 (iTunes/HD) $2.25
Serenity (2005) (MA/HD) $3.50
Seriously Red (2022) (Vudu/HD) $6.75
Shack (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Shallows, The (2016) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD $4
Shang-Chi (2021) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $3
Shape of Water (2017) (MA/HD) $3.25
Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), World's End (2013) (MA/HD) $10
Shawshank Redemption (1994) (MA/4K) $6
Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023) (MA/4K) $10
Sherlock Gnomes (2018) (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/4K) $2.25
She's the Man (2006) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.25
Shutter Island (2010) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Sicario (2015) (Vudu/4K) $6 (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/4K) $3
Sicario: Day of the Soldado (2018) (MA/4K) $7.75 (MA/HD) $3.75
Silent Night, Deadly Night: 3-Film Collection (1989-1991) (Vudu/HD) $6
Sin City (2005) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Sing (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Sing 2 (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.50
Sing Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $6
Singin' in the Rain (1952) (MA/4K) $6.50
Skyscraper (2018) (MA/4K) $5.25 (MA/HD) $1.75
Sleeping Beauty (1959) (MA/HD) $3.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Slender Man (2018) (MA/HD) $5.25
Smile (2022) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $6.75
Smokey and the Bandit (1977) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75
Smokin' Aces (2007) (iTunes/4K) $5.75
Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs (1937) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $3.75
Snowden (2016) (MA/HD) $3.50 (iTunes/HD) $4
Snowman (2017) (MA/HD) $2.75
Sonic the Hedgehog (2020) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022) (Vudu/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Sorry to Bother You (2018) (MA/HD) $4.75
Soul (2020) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $2.25
Source Code (2011) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
Space Jam (1996) (MA/4K) $5
Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) (MA/4K) $5
Sparkle (2012) (MA/HD) $3.50 (MA/SD) $2.25
Speed (1994) (MA/4K) $5.25
Spider-Man (2002) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Spider-Man 2 (2004) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Spider-Man 3 (2007) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Spider-Man Collection 1-8 (MA/HD) $26
Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $4
Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $1.75
Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse (2018) (MA/HD) $5.25
Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $3.75
Spiral (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Spirit Untamed: The Movie (2021) (MA/HD) $4.25
Split (2017) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015) (Vudu/HD) $4.75 (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Spotlight (2015) (MA/HD) $5 (iTunes/HD) $3
Spy Who Dumped Me (2018) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Star Trek 1-3 (Vudu/4K) $18 (Vudu/HD) $9.50 (iTunes/4K) $13.50
Starship Troopers (1997) (MA/4K) $6.50
Stir of Echoes (1999) (Vudu/HD) $4.75
Straight Outta Compton (Unrated Director’s Cut) (2015) (MA/4K) $7.50 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Strange World (2022) (GP/HD) Ports to MA $4.25
Studio 666 (2022) (MA/HD) $6.75
Suburbicon (2017) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Suffragette (2015) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3
Suicide Squad, The (2021) (MA/4K) $5
Sully (2016) (MA/4K) $6.50
Sum of All Fears, The (2002) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.75
Super 8 (2011) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (Vudu/HD) $3.25 (iTunes/4K) $5
Super Buddies (2013) (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $3.50
Super Troopers 2 (2018) (MA/HD) $3
Survive the Night (2020) (Vudu/4K) $4 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
SW: A New Hope (1977) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) $6.25 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Empire Strikes Back (1980) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) $6.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Force Awakens (2015) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (GP/HD) $1
SW: Last Jedi (2017) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (GP/HD) $1
SW: Phantom Menace (1999) (MA/4K) $7.50 (iTunes/4K) $6.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Return of the Jedi (1983) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $6.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Revenge of the Sith (2005) (MA/4K) $7.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
Taken Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $9
Tangled (2010) (MA/4K) $8 (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $3.75
Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse (2022) (MA/HD) $4.75
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.25
Ten Commandments (1956) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.25
Terminator: Dark Fate (2019) (Vudu/4K) $6.50 (Vudu/HD) $3 (iTunes/4K) $2.50
Terms of Endearment (1983) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5
Think Like a Man (2012) & Two (2014) (MA/HD) $9
This Is The End (2013) (MA/HD) $5
Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $3.25 (GP/HD) $2
Thor: Ragnarok (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3.50 (GP/HD) $1.75
Thor: The Dark World (2013) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.25
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) (MA/HD) $3.50
Till (2022) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) (MA/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Top Five (2014) (Vudu/HD) $4.75 (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Top Gun (1986) (Vudu/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Top Gun: Maverick (2022) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Total Recall (1990) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.25
Tower Heist (2011) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3.75
Toy Story 1-4 (MA/4K) $23 (iTunes/4K) $21 (GP/HD) $11.50
Training Day (2001) (MA/4K) $6.50
Transformers 1-5 (Vudu/4K) $30 (Vudu/HD) $23
Transformers: Last Knight (2017) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) $2.25 (Vudu/HD) $2
Transporter, The (2002) (MA/HD) $6.25
Trolls Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $6
Trolls World Tour (MA/HD) $5.50
Turbo (2013) (MA/HD) $2.25 (iTunes/SD) $1.25
Turning Red (2022) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $2.75
Umma (2022) (MA/HD) $4.75
Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent (2022) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.75
Unbreakable (2000) (MA/4K) $6 (GP/HD) $3.75
Uncharted (2022) (MA/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $3.25
Uncle Drew (2018) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3
Uncut Gems (2019) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Underworld: Awakening (2012) (MA/HD) $1.75
Underworld: Blood Wars (2016) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $2.25
Unforgiven (1992) (MA/4K) $6.50
Untouchables, The (1987) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6
Us (2019) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $5.25
Van Helsing (2004) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.75
Venom (2005) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Venom (2018) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $3.25
Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $3.50
Vertigo (1958) (MA/HD) $4.75
Vice (2018) 'Christian Bale' (MA/HD) $4.25
Victor Frankenstein (2015) (MA/HD) $5.75
Vivo (2021) (MA/HD) $4
Vow, The (2012) (MA/HD) $3.50
Voyagers (2021) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Walk, The (2015) (MA/HD) $4.75
Walking Dead: Season 11 (2021) (Vudu/HD) $6
Walking with Dinosaurs (2013) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Wallace & Gromit in the Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005) (MA/HD) $6.75
Wanted (2008) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $6
War Dogs (2016) (MA/4K) $6.50
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $3
War of the Worlds (1953) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.75
Warcraft (2016) (MA/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.25
Warm Bodies (2013) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2
Warrior (2011) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/HD) $4
Waterworld (1995) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $6
Wayne's World (1992) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Welcome to Marwen (2018) (MA/4K) $4
West Side Story (2021) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) (GP/HD) $2.50
When the Bough Breaks (2016) (MA/HD) $4.50
Where the Crawdads Sing (2022) (MA/HD) $4.50
Where'd You Go Bernadette (2019) (MA/HD) $5.50
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/HD) $2
White Boy Rick (2018) (MA/HD) $5.25
Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance With Somebody (2022) (MA/HD) $5.75
Why Him? (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2
Widows (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $1.75
Wild Card (2015) (Vudu/HD) $4
Willow (1988) (MA/HD) $6.75
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971) (MA/4K) $5.25
Wizard of Lies (2017) (Vudu/HD) $5 (iTunes/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $3
Wolf Man (1941) (MA/4K) $6.50
Wolf of Wall Street (2013) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.50
Woman in Gold (2015) (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Woman King (2022) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.50
Wonder (2017) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Wonder Park (2019) (Vudu/HD) $3 (iTunes/4K) $2.25
Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) (MA/4K) $5
Woodlawn (2015) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
Wraith, The (1986) (Vudu/HD) $5
X (2022) (Vudu/HD) $6.75
X-Men (2000), X2 (2003), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) (MA/HD) $15
X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) (MA/HD) $7
X-Men: Dark Phoenix (2019) (MA/HD) $6
X-Men: Days of Future Past (2004) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.50 Rogue Cut (MA/HD) $5
X-Men: First Class (2010), Days of Future Past (2004), Apocalypse (2014) (MA/HD) $11
Zootopia (2016) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3.25
submitted by
wtfwafflezor to
DigitalCodeSELL [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 00:54 ReporterOutrageous29 [WTS] Massdrop R.Laconico Keen / Bronze
Hi all. Up for sale is a brand new, unused Keen with groove in bronze that's been sat in storage for a few years..
Timestamp, pics & video :
https://imgur.com/a/q0WzSjj Not looking for trades Paypal goods & services only
$120 Inc shipping to USA only.
(Please bear in mind that I am in the UK so tracked delivery will take a little longer to reach you. My last recent sale took 11 days to arrive 👍)
submitted by
ReporterOutrageous29 to
Knife_Swap [link] [comments]
2023.06.03 00:48 JohannGoethe The chemical thermodynamics section of my thermodynamics library
| Visual of some of the core books in my library of 430+ thermodynamics books: Core thermodynamics books The following is a photo of a partial section of my so-called bio-thermo-dynamics section: Some of my bio-thermo-dynamics book selection. The term “bio”, of note, has since been redefined as “powered CHNOPS+ existives”. Visit: Abioism for more on this. Chemical thermodynamics The following, for those interested, is an A65 (2020) listing of my chemical thermodynamics library section: - Gibbs, J. Willard. (82A/1873). "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, I. pp. 309-342, April-May.
- Gibbs, J. Willard. (82A/1873). "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, II. pp.382-404, Dec.
- Gibbs, Willard. (79A/1876). "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, III. pp. 108-248, Oct., 80A/1875-May, 79A/1876, and pp. 343-524, may, 78A/1877-July, 77A/1878.
- Van’t Hoff, Jacobus (59A/1896). Studies in Chemical Dynamics: Revised and Enlarged by Ernst Cohen (trans. Thomas Ewan). Williams & Norgate.
- Sackur, Otto. (38A/1917). A Textbook of Thermo-chemistry and Thermodynamics. MacMillan.
- Lewis, Gilbert; Randall, Merle. (32A/1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. McGraw-Hill.
- Partington, James (31A/1924). Chemical Thermodynamics: An Introduction to General Thermodynamics and its Applications to Chemistry. D. Van Nostrand.
- Butler, John. (27A/1928). The Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics (Part 1: Elementary Theory and Electrochemistry). Macmillan and Co.
- Guggenheim, Eduard. (22A/1933). Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs. London: Methuen & Co.
- Butler, John. (20A/1935). The Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics (Part 2: thermodynamical Functions and Their Applications). Macmillan and Co.
- De Donder, Theophile. (19A/1936). Thermodynamic Theory of Affinity: A Book of Principles. Stanford University Press.
- Glasstone, Samuel. (9A/1946). Thermodynamics for Chemists. D. Van Nostrand Co.
- Rossini, Frederick. (5A/1950). Chemical Thermodynamics, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Koltz, Irving M. (5A/1950). Chemical Thermodynamics - Basic Theory and Methods. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Kirkwood, Jhon; Oppennheim, Irwin. (A6/1961). Chemical Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill.
- Mahan, Bruce. (A8/1963). Elementary Chemical Thermodynamics. Dover.
- Waser, Jurg. (A11/1966). Basic Chemical Thermodynamics. W.A. Benjamin, Inc.
- Nash, Leonard K. (A15/1970). Elements of Chemical Thermodynamics (2nd ed.). Dover.
- Everett, Douglas. (A17/1972). Introduction to the Study of Chemical Thermodynamics. London: Longmans.
- Denbigh, Kenneth. (A26/1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Felder, Richard; and Rousseau, Ronald. (A31/1986). Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes (2nd ed). Wiley.
- Wood, Scott; Battino, Rubin. (A35/1990). Thermodynamics of Chemical Systems. Cambridge.
- Reid, Charles. (A35/1990). Chemical Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill.
- Boerio, Juliana; Ott, Bevan. (A45/2000). Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. New York: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Ott, Bevan; Boerio, Juliana. (A45/2000). Chemical Thermodynamics: Advanced Applications. Elsevier.
- Devoe, Howard. (A46/2001). Thermodynamics and Chemistry. Prentice Hall.
- Smith, Brian. (A49/2004). Basic Chemical Thermodynamics (4th ed). Imperial College.
- Kapel, M. (A56/2011). The Essentials of Chemical Thermodynamics. Book Guild.
Chemical engineering thermodynamics The following, for those interested, is an A65 (2020) listing of my chemical engineering thermodynamics library section: - Balzhiser, Richard; Samuels, Michael; Eliassen, John. (A17/1972). Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics: the Study of Energy, Entropy, and Equilibrium. Prentice-Hall.
- Modell, Michael; Reid, Robert. (A19/1974). Thermodynamics and Its Applications in Chemical Engineering, (pg. 92). Prentice-Hall.
- Sandler, Stanley. (A34/1989). Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Fogler, Scott. (A37/1992). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Smith, J.M.; Van Ness, Henrick; Abbott, M.M. (A40/2005). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (7th ed). McGraw-Hill.
Notes - Other categories of “chemical thermodynamics“, e.g. so-called related sections of my library are listed in the links below.
- If you have a “chemical thermodynamics“ library, be it even 3+ books, feel free to post your list and or comment below?
References submitted by JohannGoethe to ChemThermo [link] [comments] |