Balise honda of west warwick

I've found six (6) Stone Talus (Rare); each of which can drop up to 3 Diamonds.
Locations (Surface)

1. Immediately South of Rasiwak Shrine (Talus Location Shrine Location)
2. North of Gerudo Canyon Skyview Tower in the Cave above the waterfall (Talus Location Skyview Tower Location)
3. South of Gerudo Canyon Skyview Tower; you'll need level 1 heat resist (Talus Location Skyview Tower Location)
4. South-West of Tabantha Bridge Stable using Makurukis Shrine (Talus Location Shrine Location) - Hardest

Locations (Depth)

1. South of Kato Lightroot using the Hyrule Ridge Chasm (Talus Location Lightroot Location)
2. South of Zi-ner Lightroot using the East Hill Chasm (Talus Location Lightroot Location)

That's the where, now the when, how, and why. You can do this as soon as you're done with the Great Sky Island and obtain the Paraglider. You only need ONE thing to start; a Knight's Claymore (Decayed) fused with a Spiked-Iron-Ball.

1. There are two Knight's Claymores in Hyrule Castle.
   1. 3rd Floor Basement: Library Side Bookcase Room (Location Screenshot)
   2. 1st Floor: Princess Zelda's Room; not to be confused with her Study (Location Screenshot)
2. Spiked-Iron-Ball can be found in the Bokoblin Camp at Hyrule Field Skyview Tower.

This combination will give your fused weapon 26 Damage (11 Knights Claymore + 15 Spiked-Iron Ball). Now this might not seem like a lot, but when you just started it is. There's an added benefit; when you have 1 heart remaining, the damage is doubled! So go let a Bokoblin get you down to under one (1) heart or go stand in Gloom in the Depth. At one (1) heart, you'll have 52 Damage; that is enough to two (2) combo every single (Rare) Stone Talus.
Now the reason I told you to get both Knight's Claymores from Hyrule Castle is that the (Rare) Stone Talus will drop a (Rare) Stone Talus Heart. Once you kill the first one, and fuse the new material to your Claymore; you'll have a fused weapon with 44 Damage (11 Knights Claymore + 33 Rare Stone Talus Heart). Don't forget, with the benefit of the Claymore, you actually have 88 Damage; which is enough to one (1) combo every single (Rare) Stone Talus. (Screenshot)
Once you're set up with an 88 Damage Knight's Claymore; the fight becomes completely trivial (see here). Just make sure to save before the fight starts so you can reload in case they don't drop a Diamond, just like in BotW.
A 10-15min run will yield approx. 4,000+ Rupee, they reset every single Blood Moon.
If you've found other Rare Stone Talus locations, please share them. As for the others such as regular Stone Talus, Luminous, Battle, Frost, etc. I do not think they are worth doing unless you're hunting for a specific material.

I've found six (6) Stone Talus (Rare); each of which can drop up to 3 Diamonds.
Locations (Surface)

1. Immediately South of Rasiwak Shrine (Talus Location Shrine Location)
2. North of Gerudo Canyon Skyview Tower in the Cave above the waterfall (Talus Location Skyview Tower Location)
3. South of Gerudo Canyon Skyview Tower; you'll need level 1 heat resist (Talus Location Skyview Tower Location)
4. South-West of Tabantha Bridge Stable using Makurukis Shrine (Talus Location Shrine Location) - Hardest

Locations (Depth)

1. South of Kato Lightroot using the Hyrule Ridge Chasm (Talus Location Lightroot Location)
2. South of Zi-ner Lightroot using the East Hill Chasm (Talus Location Lightroot Location)

That's the where, now the when, how, and why. You can do this as soon as you're done with the Great Sky Island and obtain the Paraglider. You only need ONE thing to start; a Knight's Claymore (Decayed) fused with a Spiked-Iron-Ball.

1. There are two Knight's Claymores in Hyrule Castle.
   1. 3rd Floor Basement: Library Side Bookcase Room (Location Screenshot)
   2. 1st Floor: Princess Zelda's Room; not to be confused with her Study (Location Screenshot)
2. Spiked-Iron-Ball can be found in the Bokoblin Camp at Hyrule Field Skyview Tower.

This combination will give your fused weapon 26 Damage (11 Knights Claymore + 15 Spiked-Iron Ball). Now this might not seem like a lot, but when you just started it is. There's an added benefit; when you have 1 heart remaining, the damage is doubled! So go let a Bokoblin get you down to under one (1) heart or go stand in Gloom in the Depth. At one (1) heart, you'll have 52 Damage; that is enough to two (2) combo every single (Rare) Stone Talus.
Now the reason I told you to get both Knight's Claymores from Hyrule Castle is that the (Rare) Stone Talus will drop a (Rare) Stone Talus Heart. Once you kill the first one, and fuse the new material to your Claymore; you'll have a fused weapon with 44 Damage (11 Knights Claymore + 33 Rare Stone Talus Heart). Don't forget, with the benefit of the Claymore, you actually have 88 Damage; which is enough to one (1) combo every single (Rare) Stone Talus. (Screenshot)
Once you're set up with an 88 Damage Knight's Claymore; the fight becomes completely trivial (see here). Just make sure to save before the fight starts so you can reload in case they don't drop a Diamond, just like in BotW.
A 10-15min run will yield approx. 4,000+ Rupee, they reset every single Blood Moon.
If you've found other Rare Stone Talus locations, please share them. As for the others such as regular Stone Talus, Luminous, Battle, Frost, etc. I do not think they are worth doing unless you're hunting for a specific material.

This is the best tl;dr I could make, original reduced by 54%. (I'm a bot)

May 29 - Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko said that if any other country wanted to join a Russia-Belarus union there could be "Nuclear weapons for everyone".
Russia moved ahead last week with a plan to deploy tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, in the Kremlin's first deployment of such warheads outside Russia since the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, spurring concerns in the West.
"If someone is worried ... it is very simple: join in the Union State of Belarus and Russia. That's all: there will be nuclear weapons for everyone."
Russia and Belarus are formally part of a Union State, a borderless union and alliance between the two former Soviet republics.
"As for nuclear weapons, we do not need them because we have joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty," he said in a remark which could be interpreted as a sting to Moscow and Minsk.
Russia used the territory of Belarus as a launchpad for its invasion of their common neighbour Ukraine in February last year, and since then their military cooperation has intensified, with joint training exercises on Belarusian soil.

Summary Source FAQ Feedback Top keywords: Russia^#1 union^#2 Nuclear^#3 Lukashenko^#4 join^#5
Post found in /worldnews and /EUnews.
NOTICE: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.

I am playing Juri and I don't understand why 99% of the time, I use my EX move and someone else can just punch through it. Why does every character seem to just not care I am attacking them as if I'm just standing still. Just now I played against E Honda, I use Fuharenkyaku EX move and then E Honda just does his and it wins every time. It feels like Juri is just not allowed to play as this happens every game at least once. I'm sure there is something I'm missing but what it is and where to learn about it I have no idea and I can't find anything. I would rather learn the game instead of just playing someone else so if anyone could explain or just give me a name for what it is I need to learn that would be great.

Basically what the title says. I know it's industry-dependent but I'm a recent MBA grad looking to get into tech/entertainment so I was looking west coast. Are there any real benefits to move there prior to getting a job? Will it help me find a job there faster? I know in the past, it helped with networking and stuff but is that still a thing in a post-covid world? For the purposes of this question, please ignore finances, places to stay, etc. Let's just assume I have the facilities for all the logistics involved. I'm just trying to figure out if there is really a benefit to relocating to an industry hub.

Long story short, did the status match merry go round in March and dropped a couple of grand playing tables at Hard Rock AC. Now I'm getting a cruise offer for a 7 day interior state room at either Celebrity Cruises or Royal Carribean for cruises in Canada, Bahamas/Carribean, Mexican riviera.
Are these cruise worth it? Who has experience with either of these cruises. I just went on a carnival cruise and they called it a ghetto section 8 cruise so I'd like to see what real cruise lines are. Do you guys think it's worth flying to AC to redeem it? I live on the west coast.
I have found AA award flights with the luxury bus transport to ACY for around 18k miles round-trip. And they're obviously giving me comp rooms. So my main expense would be the uber back ACY and AC.
Are the cash prices for these cruises worth the trip?

If you're in search of a luxurious living space in the vibrant city of Mumbai, look no further than Splendour Mulund West. This esteemed residential project offers an array of 2 and 3 BHK configurations that cater to the discerning needs of modern homeowners. With its prime location, exquisite design, and a plethora of amenities, Splendour Mulund West promises a truly elevated living experience.

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Splendour Mulund West goes above and beyond to provide residents with an exceptional lifestyle by offering a wide range of amenities.
Let's take a closer look at the features that make this project stand out:

Hassle-Free Car Parking:

Finding parking space in a bustling city can be a challenge, but not at Splendour Mulund West. The project offers hassle-free car parking facilities, ensuring convenience for residents and their guests.

Grand Entrance Lobby:

The grand entrance lobby sets the tone for luxury and elegance as soon as you step into the building. It creates a lasting impression and welcomes you and your guests with its tasteful design and impeccable aesthetics.

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Say goodbye to long waits and embrace efficiency with the hi-speed elevators provided at Splendour Mulund West. These elevators ensure quick and seamless vertical transportation, saving you time and adding convenience to your daily routine.

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Keeping up with the times, Splendour Mulund West offers an EV charging station for electric vehicle owners. This forward-thinking amenity encourages sustainable living and ensures that residents have access to convenient charging facilities.

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Also read: Splendour Luxury Project: Investing in Luxurious 2 BHK Flats the Newly Launched High-Rise in Mulund

Hey all, hoping you can help a trans woman out! I have a 03 Honda Civic. I noticed last week that I didn't have heat in my car, , but was working from home so forgot about it.
Went out today and drove about 2 miles and my temperature light came on, and the needle was on hot. Immediately pulled over and shut it off. I smelled a slight burning smell, but no smoke or leaks. Popped the hood and the coolent was empty. I put a gallon of antifreeze in that I had in the trunk and headed home.
It is 20 degrees out, but I was overheating after about 1 mile, kept pulling over to cool it, but made it home.
Any ideas what it could be? My Dad was my mechanic and he passed, he would always explain these things to me. Also, should I be able to drive this to a garage 3 miles away, or should I get it towed?
Thanks a bunch!

What car should I get? Budget is around $80k-90k and needs to be 4 door for work. Looking for: -fast, sporty, good handling -very luxury -CarPlay. -mid sized sedan -manual preferred but good automatic is fine. -would prefer lightly used for best value but less than 5 years old. -not terrible depreciation. -good looking/timeless design. -responds well to mods, won’t to go crazy but simple bolt ons/tune. Want to keep it reliable. -exhaust sounds good. No hybrids, 4 cyl, or EVs.
Current cars: -2012 CTS-V sedan manual (DD) -2014 Porsche 911 (fun) -2001 Honda S2000 (fun) -2020 Lexus LX 570 (family/dogs).
Background: I have owned BMWs and I am comfortable DIY, I do all my own maintenance and repairs. I would be planning to sell my CTS-V even though it kind of kills me. I want something a little nicer and more modern inside. Massaging seats would be awesome.
I’m in the south so don’t need awd but I would appreciate being able to put the power down without crazy tires/drag radials.
I’m kind of leaning F90 M5 Comp, G80 M3, or the CT5-V Blackwing manual but the G80 is so ugly and the Blackwing is real hard to get in manual and seem like they are over $100k even used. Also the Blackwing doesn’t look great IMO but better than the M3. Also I am a turbo guy…my current V supercharger is great but I just love turbos.
Also kicking around used Panamera Turbo S (cross truismo is sweet), Mercedes E63s, Audi RS7, or RS5 (but never been a fan of Audi, they are boring styling IMO). I would love an RS6 avant but seem way too expensive for my budget.
I love the look of the F90 M5 but depreciation will proly be brutal knowing my previous BMWs.
If I didn’t need a 4 door for work reasons I would order a Lotus Emira but they waitlist is insane I’ll proly never get one.
I only drive like 10k miles per year and love driving in the twisty mountain roads nearby.
Thanks in advance!

Just some ideas for new routes into Hoboken Terminal based off old services into the nearby Communipaw Terminal and former Erie services into Hoboken. My proposal would need the Waterfront connection & Hunter Flyer NEC Interchanges to be expanded along with some abandoned routes to restore. The Amtrak routes out of Hoboken would be modeled after the discount services that run in Europe , instead of going to the main hub you go to a railway station outside the main city at a steep discount. I have a similar reshuffling proposed for GCT which i'll post soon.
New Jersey Transit - Regional Rail

• Main Line : Hoboken – Secaucus – Paterson – Ridgewood – Ramsey – Suffern
• Bergen County Line : Hoboken – Secaucus – Fair Lawn – Ridgewood – Waldwick
• Port Jervis Line : Hoboken – Secaucus – Ridgewood – Suffern – Middletown – Port Jervis
• Pascack Valley Line: Hoboken – Secaucus – Hackensack – Spring Valley – Suffern
• Morristown Line : Hoboken – Newark Broad – Dover – Hackettstown – Philipsburg
• Montclair-Boonton Line : Hoboken – Newark Broad – MSU – Wayne – Denville – Dover
• Gladstone Branch: Hoboken – Newark Broad – Summit – Far Hills – Gladstone
• North Jersey Coast Line : Hoboken – Newark Penn – Long Branch – Asbury Park – BH
• Lehigh Line : Hoboken – Newark Penn – Raritan – Easton – Bethlehem - Allentown
• Lackawanna line : Hoboken – Newark Broad – Dover - East Stroudsburg – Scranton
• West Shore Line : Hoboken – Teaneck - Tappan – West Haverstraw – Newburgh

Hoboken Terminal – Intercity Rail

• Amtrak Lackawanna Service: Hoboken –Newark – Scranton – Binghamton – Buffalo – 4x daily
• Amtrak Southern Tier Ltd: Chicago – Cleveland – Binghamton – Scranton – Hoboken -1x daily
• Amtrak Erie Ltd : Cleveland – Erie – Binghamton – Port Jervis – Hoboken – 1x daily
• Amtrak Phoebe Snow : Hoboken – Newark – Scranton – Buffalo – Niagara Falls – 1x daily
• Amtrak Queen of the Valley: Harrisburg – Reading – Allentown – Newark – Hoboken – 2x
• Amtrak Royal Blue : Hoboken – Newark – Philadelphia – Baltimore – DC – 2x daily
• NJT Crusader Service : Hoboken – Newark Penn – West Trenton – Jenkentown – CC Philly
• NJT Blue Comet : Hoboken – Newark Penn – Red Bank - Lakewood - Cape May

I have a 2004 Honda Accord Ex, 4cyl. I was driving into work tonight and my oil light started flashing. I know she’s due for an oil change, and plan on taking it in this week. That being said, I pulled over to the gas station and got a quart of 05W-20 oil and put almost all of the bottle in the engine. It’s above the minimum hole but not quite in the middle on the dipstick. I’m pretty sure I’ll be fine to get home, but I just want y’all’s opinion on if you think it’ll be fine to drive home? I only live about 20-30 minutes from work

Hey everyone. I’ve been recently trying to get back into animal crossing. I’m struggling. Hard.
I’m trying to reset to get my “perfect” island. West river, far away Resident Services, apples, and a yellow airport. None of those beach rocks with the water in them, preferably.
Ive been resetting for a combined 16 hours according to my play time. I’m so stressed out. I just can’t get it. I have to do something, because my poor lovely friend had been holding my items for awhile (she says she doesn’t mind, but I still feel horrible!). I wanted this to be fun. It feels like I’m fighting so hard just to want to open up the game and try to get the island. If I don’t get it, it’s gonna bother me until the end of time.
Any suggestions? I know it sounds so beyond stupid, but I was really doing this because the game became more like a chore than fun and thought a fresh start would help. Ugh.

the thought of mao se tung which xi jin ping is so keen to emulate
i wouldn’t say its all rubbish, but it has the lethality of some-one who is sure he is right and will brook no compromise
“ the correct handling of contradictions among the people ”
interestingly, there is no theoretical basis for the forcible conscription of taiwan into mainland china
russia is what happens after a 35 year period of selectively killing its best people (1920 to 1955 ?)
if you read about the mongol invasions, they were horrific, but there was a rationality to their slaughter which certainly was on a scale equivalent to the holocaust and WW2 losses in general, however what is unique about the holocaust is its stupidity, how could germany ever win a war preoccupied as it was with annihilating the most productive portion of its middle class ?
the jews made a huge contribution to the stamina of germany in WW1 which hitler knew of course because he served under a jewish officer whom he respected
its always interesting to see unconnected dots, something internal politics and international "relations" have in abundance, though its encouraging to see the positive effect modern communications have had in creating a united front from the west in terms of russia and china, the war is being anticipated, it doesn’t have to occur before everyone wakes up like in WW1 and 2
noh theater , unique if you have not experienced it before and the stories give a great insight into pre-meiji japan and its off the wall level of superstition
curiously addictive
reason fails
until reason fails
what is yours only
you can see
others have trouble
handling this
the past is past
whatever opinions one has
doesn’t change it one bit
the "hunting of the snark" has similarities to farid ud-din attar’s "the conference of the birds" , so much so i am suspicious that somehow lewis carroll read it or at least knew an outline of the plot
for the snark was a simorg you see
simply stunning shots of around and above everest with the MAVIC 3 drone
the source long looked for
isn’t there
what is there ?
that’s for you to work out !
its not there in the words of others
its a private knowledge that cannot be conveyed
“ the world is wide and spacious ”
and
includes
error
a key concept of translations of historical literary and religious works is in fact they are "interpretations", often heavily biased to how the interpreter views things and with problematic philology, and maybe never can be translated accurately
taoism is actually a religion with their own temples in china, or at least historically that was the case
in the west, like zen, its really just taken as a philosophy, even more heavily nonsensicated than zen !
when looking at zen or any religion the word hagiography goes along way to understanding what you read
what you look for
is
already
in
your
own
experience
in childhood
we are packed with so much nonsense
we never live long enough to unpack it

2017 Civic EX-T cosmic metallic blue bought in December 2016, ~65k miles.
My civic's clearcoat has been in the process of failing for the past 2 1/2 years. Started as a spot on the roof, now has shown itself to cover the hood, roof, pillars, and trunk panel. Bumpers, antenna, trunk spoiler, lower body pieces are flawless, leading me to believe it is factory defect.
Spoke to Honda dealership early on and they stated it was already outside the warranty. VIN doesn't come back with any recalls. I was quoted $5600 for a full respray of the affected panels + doors.
Is it worth it to even consider paying that out of pocket or should I just salvage what I can on a trade in? The whole experience has really soured me on Honda paint.

Thing to include: Crispy honey generation area. Two large cauldrons which, when filled above a certain mark, bleed off top liquid down pipes into a central mixing cauldron where crispy honey can be made and harvested. Experiment w/ tube running underneath cauldron to be the one carrying lava, such that player can stand in the honey-filled central cauldron and safely mine crispy honey blocks from there. 

Things to include: Blue, glowing pink, glowing orange, and rusty red moss (emphasis on rust moss if nothing else). 

Thing to add: In picture 1, the main temple has a breathing chamber with a jellyfish bowl on top of it (there's another one on the opposite side of the screen but it's harder to see here). It's a 4 block wide upside-down "cup" suspended by chains. Houses and larger rooms inside the hell base could use these both for decoration and to hang heart lanterns/mana star lanterns inside of. 

The more I study about civilisations and history the more I realise that it really is chaotic and that they tend to go in cycles from chaos and order from left wing to right wing, I see this particularly in Ancient Rome where there was periods of social chaos or dismantling of the values that created the society to a return to order that gets rid of all the things that destroyed the culture well also keeping a few of the positive elements that were created during the social revolution, and I think this will happen again a couple of generations in the future were they will start to rebel against the current social order of today and reintroduce conservatism well also hopefully keeping the good things that came out of this period of social progress like women’s right to work etc and get rid of the things they see as overwhelmingly destructive (I’m not sure what) but I still believe overall the world would continue to slowly be more left wing I don’t think this hyper liberal period of the west will last, (I would also just like to point out that I maybe completely wrong in this view as I am still young and my views tend to change a lot)

Dr Ho studied medicine at the University of Sheffield and obtained his Masters of Medical Education from the University of Warwick. He completed his postgraduate specialist training in Otolaryngology at The Royal Berkshire Hospital, The Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Russells Hall Hospital, Birmingham Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The Birmingham Children’s Hospital; and obtained the Intercollegiate Fellowship in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery in 2008.
Dr Ho has completed advanced training in Balance Medicine on a Singapore Government Health Manpower Development Plan (HMDP) Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, University of Pittsburgh and Washington University. Additionally, he had also completed observerships at the House Ear Institute and Stanford University Medical Centre.
Dr Ho served as ENT Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital until 2022. He initiated the Multi-Disciplinary Balance Clinic and Combined Hearing Clinic, to provide multi-disciplinary balance, hearing & tinnitus care, including Cochlear Implants and Bone Anchored Hearing Aids. He also ran the Joint Occupational Hearing Clinic with colleagues from the Ministry of Manpower. Dr Ho is passionate about medical charity work and regularly serves on medical missions to Cambodia, Philippines and Sri Lanka.
For More Information: https://whatsupdoc.asia/doctors/dr-ho-eu-chin/

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.
Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other — Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.
Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacturer no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial millionaires, the leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the medieval commune(4): here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable “third estate” of the monarchy (as in France); afterwards, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment”. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to show what man’s activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades.
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere.
The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated population, centralised the means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier, and one customs-tariff.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground — what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.
Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class.
A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly. In these crises, a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity — the epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons — the modern working class — the proletarians.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed — a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
Owing to the extensive use of machinery, and to the division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion, therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of machinery, etc.
Modern Industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far, at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.
The lower strata of the middle class — the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, and retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants — all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialised skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.
The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the operative of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
At this stage, the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeois. Thus, the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie.
But with the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The increasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon, the workers begin to form combinations (Trades’ Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there, the contest breaks out into riots.
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry, and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarian, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.
This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the ten-hours’ bill in England was carried.
Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many ways, the course of development of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all time with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles, it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie.
Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling class are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of existence. These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress.
Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the progress of dissolution going on within the ruling class, in fact within the whole range of old society, assumes such a violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential product.
The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try to roll back the wheel of history. If by chance, they are revolutionary, they are only so in view of their impending transfer into the proletariat; they thus defend not their present, but their future interests, they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat.
The “dangerous class”, [lumpenproletariat] the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society, may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue.
In the condition of the proletariat, those of old society at large are already virtually swamped. The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family relations; modern industry labour, modern subjection to capital, the same in England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.
All the preceding classes that got the upper hand sought to fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at large to their conditions of appropriation. The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property.
All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.
Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie.
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of the feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern labourer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.
The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by the revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.